R. Murray Schafer
Raymond Murray Schafer is a Canadian composer, writer, music educator and environmentalist perhaps best known for his World Soundscape Project, concern for acoustic ecology, and his book The Tuning of the World. He was notably the first recipient of the Jules Léger Prize in 1978.
Biography
Born in Sarnia, Ontario, he studied at the Royal Schools of Music in London, the Royal Conservatory of Music, and the University of Toronto. At the last institution he was a pupil of Richard Johnston.His music education theories are followed around the world. He started soundscape studies at Simon Fraser University in the 1960s.
In addition to introducing the concept of soundscape, he also coined the term schizophonia in 1969, the splitting of a sound from its source or the condition caused by this split: "We have split the sound from the maker of the sound. Sounds have been torn from their natural sockets and given an amplified and independent existence. Vocal sound, for instance, is no longer tied to a hole in the head but is free to issue from anywhere in the landscape." Steven Feld, borrowing a term from Gregory Bateson, calls the recombination and recontextualization of sounds split from their sources schismogenesis.
In 1987 Schafer was awarded the first Glenn Gould Prize in recognition of his contributions. He has also won two JUNO Awards for Classical Composition of the Year: in 2004 for his "String Quartet No. 8", and in 2011 for his "Duo for Violin and Piano".
In 2005 Schafer was awarded the Walter Carsen Prize, by the Canada Council for the Arts, one of the top honours for lifetime achievement by a Canadian artist. In 2009, Schafer received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts. In 2013, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada "for his contributions as an internationally renowned composer of contemporary music, and for his groundbreaking work in acoustic ecology".
Schafer is a practitioner of graphic notation.
Selected works
Compositions
- Stage works
- *Job. 2011. Chor, actors, et cetra.
- *Jonah. 1979. Chor, actors, fl, clarinet, organ, percussion. Arcana 1980
- *Patria
- **Patria: The Prologue, The Princess of the Stars
- **Patria 1: Wolfman
- **Patria 2: Requiems for the Party Girl
- **Patria 3: The Greatest Show
- ***Adapted into the film Carnival of Shadows
- **Patria 4: The Black Theatre of Hermes Trismegistos
- **Patria 5: The Crown of Ariadne
- **Patria 6: Ra
- **Patria 7: Asterion
- **Patria 8: The Palace of the Cinnabar Phoenix
- **Patria 9: The Enchanted Forest
- **Patria 10: The Spirit Garden
- **Patria: The Epilogue: And Wolf Shall Inherit the Moon
- Orchestra
- *In Memoriam: Alberto Guerrero. 1959. Str orch. Arcana 1985. Centrediscs CMC-2887
- *Partita for String Orchestra. 1961. Arcana. CBC SM-15
- *Canzoni for Prisoners. 1962. Full orch. Ber 1977
- *Untitled Composition for Orchestra No.1. 1963. Sm orch. Ber 1977
- *Untitled Composition for Orchestra No. 2. 1963. Full orch. Ber 1977
- *Statement in Blue. 1964. Youth orch. BMIC 1966, UE 1971. 1970. Mel SMLP-4017
- *Son of Heldenleben. 1968. Full orch, tape. UE 1976. RCI 387/Sel CC-15-101/5-ACM 3
- *No Longer than Ten Minutes. 1970. Rev 1972. Full orch. Ber 1977
- *East. 1972. Sm orch. UE 1977. RCI 434/5-ACM 3
- *North/White. 1973. Full orch, snowmobile. UE 1980
- *Train. 1976. Youth orch. Ber 1977
- *Cortège. 1977. Sm orch. UE 1981
- *Ko wo kiku. 1985. Full orch. Arcana 1989
- *Dream Rainbow Dream Thunder. 1986. Full orch. Arcana 1989. CBC SMCD-5101
- *Scorpius. 1990. Orch. Arcana 1990
- Soloists and/or Choir with Orchestra
- *Minnelieder. 1956, 1987 . Mezzo, woodwind quintet or mezzo, orch. Ber 1970, Arcana. RCI 218/RCA CCS-1012/5-ACM 3
- *Protest and Incarceration. 1960. Mezzo, orch. Ms
- *Brébeuf, cantata. 1961. Bar, orch. Arcana 1981
- *Threnody. 1966, rev 1967. Choir, orch, tape. Ber 1970. 1970. Mel SMLP-4017
- *Lustro. 1970-2. Comprising:
- *Part 1: Divan i Shams i Tabriz. 1969, rev 1970. 6 solo voices, orch, tape. UE 1977
- *Part 2: Music for the Morning of the World. 1970. V, 4-track tape. UE 1973. 2-Mel SMLP-4035-6
- *Part 3: Beyond the Great Gate of Light. 1972. 6 solo voices, orch, tape. UE 1977
- *Arcana 12 of the 14 songs appear in Patria 4. 1972. V, orch. Ms. UE 1977. RCI 434/5-ACM 3
- *Adieu Robert Schumann. 1976. Alto, orch. UE 1980. CBC SM-364
- *Hymn to Night from Patria 7. 1976. Sop, small orch, tape. UE 1981. CBC SM-364
- *The Garden of the Heart. 1980. Alto, full orch. Arcana 1982
- *Concerto for Flute. 1984. Fl, full orch. Arcana 1985
- *Letters from Mignon. 1987. Mezzo, orch. Arcana 1989
- *Concerto for Harp. 1987. Hp, full orch, tape. Arcana 1988
- *Concerto for Guitar. 1989. Guit, small orch. Arcana 1989
- *The Darkly Splendid Earth: The Lonely Traveller. 1991. Vn, full orch. Arcana
- *Gitanjali. 1991. Sop, small orch. Arcana 1990
- *Accordion Concerto. 1993. Accordion, orch
- *Concerto for Viola and Orchestra. 1997. Viola, orch
- *The Falcon's Trumpet, 1996. Arcana.
- Chamber
- *Concerto for Harpsichord and Eight Wind Instruments. 1954. Arcana 1990. RCI 193 /Centrediscs CMC-CD-3488
- *Sonatina for Flute and Harpsichord 1958. Ber 1976
- *Five Studies on Texts by Prudentius. 1962. Sop, 4 fl. BMIC 1965
- *4 arias from Loving: The Geography of Eros, and Air Ishtar, Modesty, Vanity. Sop, chamber ensemble, mezzo, chamber ensemble. Ber 1979
- *Requiems for the Party Girl from Patria 2. 1966. Mezzo, chamber ensemble. BMIC 1967. RCI 299/5-ACM 3 /Mel SMLP-4026 /CRI SD-245
- *Minimusic. 1967. Any comb of instr or voice. UE 1971, Ber 1972
- *String Quartet No. 1. 1970. UE 1973. RCI 353/Mel SMLP-4026 /Concert Hall SMS-2902/Mel SMLP-4038/2-Centrediscs CMC-CD-39-4090
- *Enchantress. 1971. V, exotic fl, 8 violoncello. Ber 1978
- *String Quartet No. 2. 1976. Ber 1978. Mel SMLP-4038/2-Centrediscs CMC-CD-39-4090 /RCI 476/5-ACM 3
- *The Crown of Ariadne, from Patria 3 and Patria 5. Ca 1979. Hp, percussion. Arcana 1980. Aquitaine MS-90570/Centrediscs CMC-CD-41-4292 /Mark MC-20485
- *Music for Wilderness Lake. 1979. 12 trombone, small rural lake. Arcana 1981
- *Beauty and the Beast from Patria 3. 1979. Alto with masks, string quartet. Arcana 1983
- *Wizard Oil and Indian Sagwa from Patria 3. 1980. Speaker, clarinet. Arcana 1982
- *String Quartet No. 3. 1981. Arcana 1983. 2-Centrediscs CMC-CD 39-4090
- *Theseus. 1983. Hp, string quartet. Arcana 1988. Centrediscs CMC-CD-41-4292
- *Buskers, from Patria 3. 1985. Fl, violin, viola. Arcana
- *Le Cri de Merlin. 1987. Guit, tape. Arcana 1987. Chandos ABTD-1419/Chandos CHAN-8784
- *String Quartet No. 4. 1989. Str quartet, soprano. Arcana 1989. 2-Centrediscs CMC-CD-39-4090
- *String Quartet No. 5. 1989. Arcana 1989. 2-Centrediscs CMC-CD-39-4090
- *String Quartet No. 6. 1993
- *String Quartet No. 7. Soprano and percussion. 1998
- *Four-Forty. String quartet, orch. 2000
- *String Quartet No. 8. Tape. 2001
- *String Quartet No. 9. 2005
- *String Quartet No. 10. 2005
- *String Quartet No. 11. 2006
- *Symphony No. 1 in C Minor
- *String Quartet No. 12. 2012
- *String Quartet No. 13. 2015
- Choir
- *Four Songs on Texts of Tagore. 1962. Sop, mezzo, alto, SA. Ms
- *Gita, from Patria 1. 1967. SATB, brass, tape. UE 1977
- *Epitaph for Moonlight, from Patria 5. 1968. SATB, bells. BMIC 1969, UE 1971. CBC SM-274/5-ACM 3 /Mel SMLP-4017 /Grouse GR-101-C /P3-C /World WRC-257
- *From the Tibetan Book of the Dead from Patria 2. 1968. Sop, SATB, alto fl, clarinet, tape. UE 1973
- *Two Anthems . 1969. SATB, organ, tape. Ber 1980
- *In Search of Zoroaster. 1971. Male voice, SATB, percussion, organ. Ber 1976
- *Miniwanka or the Moments of Water. 1971. SA. UE 1973. RCI 434 /Grouse GR-101-C /ARU 8701-CD /Centrediscs CMC-2285 /Imperial unnumbered
- *Psalm, from Apocalypsis. 1972, rev 1976. Mixed chorus, percussion. Ber 1976. RCI 434
- *Credo, from Apocalypsis. 1977. 12 choirs, tape, optional string and/or synthesizer. Arcana 1986
- *Felix's Girls from Patria 3. 1979. SATB quartet or choir. Arcana 1980. Grouse GR-101-C
- *Gamelan, from Patria 3. 1979. Quar or choir. Arcana 1980. Grouse GR-100/Marquis MAR-106/Grouse 101-C
- *Sun from Princess of the Stars. 1982. SATB. Arcana 1983. 2-Centrediscs CMC-14-1584/RCI 585 /Grouse GR-101-C
- *A Garden of Bells. 1983. SATB. Arcana 1984. Grouse GR-101-C
- *Snowforms. 1981, rev 1983. SA. Arcana 1986. Grouse GR-101-C
- *The Star Princess and the Waterlilies, from And Wolf Shall Inherit the Moon. 1984. Narr, children's chorus, light percussion. Arcana 1984. TCC TCC-D-004
- *Fire from Patria 5. 1986. SATB, light percussion. Arcana 1986. Grouse GR-101-C
- *Magic Songs. 1988. SATB. Arcana 1988
- *The Death of the Buddha. 1989. Mixed chorus, gongs, bell tree. Arcana 1989
- *Vox Naturae, from De Rerum Natura. 1997
- *Apocalypsis, revised version 2015, Toronto Luminato Festival, June. Multiple choirs, dancers, actors, throat singer
- Voice
- *Three Contemporaries. 1956. Mezzo, piano. Ber 1974
- *Kinderlieder. 1958. Sop, piano. Ber 1975. CBC SM-141
- *La Testa d'Adriane, from Patria 3. 1977. Sop, accordion. Arcana 1980/in R. Murray Schafer: A Collection. Mel SMLP-4034
- *Sun Father Sky Mother from And Wolf Shall Inherit the Moon. 1985. Solo voice in a mountain setting, near water and forest. Musical Canada
- *Tantrika, from Patria 3. 1986. Mezzo, 4 percussion. 1986
- *Gitanjali. 1991. Soprano, orch
- Other
- *Kaleidoscope. 1967. Multi-track tape
- *Okeanos. 1971. 4-track tape
- *Dream Passage. 1969. Radio version of Patria 2: Requiems for the Party Girl. Mezzo, chamber ensemble, tape
- *Hear Me Out from Patria 3. 1979. 4 speaking voices. Arcana 1980
- *One movement for Ontario Variations. 1979. Pf, variations by Ontario composers, on a theme by Jack Behrens
- *Harbour Symphony. 1983. Fog horns. Ms. Portion of score printed in Musicworks 25, Summer 1983
- *Also a work for piano solo, Polytonality, and several works in all categories, now withdrawn by the composer
- *Wolf Music
Written works
- Ezra Pound and Music
- The Composer in the Classroom
- Ear cleaning: Notes for an experimental music course – included in The Thinking Ear
- The New Soundscape
- The Book of Noise
- When Words Sing
- The Rhinoceros in the Classroom
- E.T.A. Hoffmann and Music
- Creative Music Education: A Handbook for the Modern Music Teacher
- Smoke : A Novel – reprinted as Ariadne
- The Tuning of the World , republished as The Soundscape
- Five Village Soundscapes – editor
- Music in the Cold
- The Chaldean Inscription
- R. Murray Schafer: A Collection
- The Sixteen Scribes
- On Canadian Music
- Dicamus et Labyrinthos: A Philologist's Notebook
- The Thinking Ear: On Music Education
- Patria and the Theatre of Confluence
- A Sound Education: 100 Exercises in Listening and Soundmaking
- Voices of Tyranny: Temples of Silence: Studies and Reflections on the Contemporary Soundscape
- Wolf Tracks
- Patria: The Complete Cycle
- Shadowgraphs and Legends
- The Enchanted Forest book & CD
- HearSing
- A Little Sound Education