R. J. Mitchell


Reginald Joseph Mitchell CBE, FRAeS, was an English aeronautical engineer who worked for Supermarine Aviation. Between 1920 and 1936, he designed many aircraft. He is best remembered for his racing seaplanes, which culminated in the Supermarine S.6B, and the iconic Second World War fighter, the Supermarine Spitfire.

Early life

Reginald Joseph Mitchell was born at 115 Congleton Road, Butt Lane, Kidsgrove, Staffordshire, England. After leaving Hanley High School, a grammar school in Stoke-on-Trent, at the age of 16, he gained an apprenticeship at Kerr Stuart & Co. of Fenton, a locomotive engineering works. At the end of his apprenticeship he worked in the drawing office at Kerr Stuart and studied engineering and mathematics at night school.

Early career

In 1917 he joined the Supermarine Aviation Works at Southampton. Advancing quickly within the company, Mitchell was appointed Chief Designer in 1919. He was made Chief Engineer in 1920 and Technical Director in 1927. He was so highly regarded that when Vickers took over Supermarine in 1928, one of the conditions was that Mitchell stay as a designer for the next five years.
Between 1920 and 1936, Mitchell designed 24 aircraft. As Supermarine was primarily a seaplane manufacturer, this included several flying boats such as the Supermarine Sea Eagle, the Supermarine Sea King, the Supermarine Walrus, and Supermarine Stranraer, and racing seaplanes. Mitchell also designed light aircraft, fighters, and bombers.
He was first noted in this period for his work on a series of racing seaplanes, built by Supermarine to compete in the Schneider Trophy competition. The Supermarine S.4 was entered in 1925, but crashed before the race. Two Supermarine S.5 aircraft were entered in 1927, and finished first and second. The Supermarine S.6 won in 1929. The final entry in the series, the Supermarine S.6B, marked the culmination of Mitchell's quest to "perfect the design of the racing seaplane". The S.6B won the Trophy in 1931 and broke the world air speed record 17 days later.
Mitchell was awarded the CBE on 29 December 1931 for services in connection with the Schneider Trophy Contest.

Supermarine Spitfire

The technical skill that Mitchell used in the design of the Spitfire was developed in the evolution of the Schneider Trophy seaplanes. The significance of the many earlier planes is often overlooked when people refer to Mitchell, as is the fact that he was very concerned about developments in Germany and feared that British defence needed to be strengthened, especially in the air.
In 1931 the Air Ministry issued specification F7/30 for a fighter aircraft to replace the Gloster Gauntlet. Mitchell's proposed design, the Type 224 was one of three designs for which the Air Ministry ordered prototypes.
The Type 224 first flew on 19 February 1934, but was eventually rejected by the RAF for unsatisfactory performance. While the 224 was being built, Mitchell was authorised by Supermarine in 1933 to proceed with a new design, the Type 300, an all-metal monoplane that became the Supermarine Spitfire. This was originally a private venture by Supermarine, but the RAF quickly became interested and the Air Ministry financed a prototype.
Many of the technical advances in the Spitfire had been made by others: the thin elliptical wings were designed by Canadian aerodynamicist Beverley Shenstone, and shared some similarities with the Heinkel He 70 Blitz; the under-wing radiators had been designed by the RAE, while monocoque construction had been first developed in the United States. Mitchell's genius was bringing it all together with his experience of high speed flight and the Type 224.
The first prototype Spitfire, serial K5054, flew for the first time on 5 March 1936 at Eastleigh, Hampshire. In later tests, it reached 349 mph; consequently, before the prototype had completed its official trials, the RAF ordered 310 production Spitfires. Mitchell is reported to have said that "Spitfire was just the sort of bloody silly name they would choose."

Later years

In August 1933, Mitchell underwent a colostomy to treat rectal cancer. Despite this, he continued to work, not only on the Spitfire, but also on a four-engined bomber, the Type 317. Unusually for an aircraft designer in those days, he took flying lessons and got his pilot's licence in July 1934.
In 1936 cancer was diagnosed again, and subsequently, in early 1937, Mitchell gave up work, although he was often seen watching the Spitfire being tested. Mitchell went to the American Foundation in Vienna for a month, but died on 11 June 1937 at the age of 42. His ashes were interred at South Stoneham Cemetery, Hampshire, four days later.

Legacy

Mitchell was succeeded as Chief Designer at Supermarine by Joseph Smith, who was responsible for the further development of the Spitfire. Nevertheless, Mitchell's design was so sound that the Spitfire was continually improved throughout World War II. Over 22,000 Spitfires and derivatives were built.
Mitchell's career was dramatized in the biographical film The First of the Few. He was portrayed by Leslie Howard, who also produced and directed the film, released in the United States as Spitfire.
The school Mitchell attended, Hanley High School, was renamed Mitchell High School in his honour in 1989. Also, the primary school just by his birthplace was dedicated to him as Reginald Mitchell County Primary School.
While working on the Spitfire at Woolston and Eastleigh, Mitchell lived with his wife and son in Portswood, Southampton, at a home he had built to his own design, Hazeldene, at 2 Russell Place. An English Heritage blue plaque was dedicated there on 8 September 2005, a week before the 65th anniversary of the Battle of Britain. Earlier that year a blue plaque from the Newcastle Civic Society was dedicated at Mitchell's first home in Butt Lane.
Gordon Mitchell told his father's story in a 1986 book, revised in 1997 and updated in 2002 as R. J. Mitchell: Schooldays to Spitfire.
In 1986, Mitchell was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
On 14 November 2000 Sentinel is a 16m high sculpture by Tim Tolkien, installed upon Spitfire Island, a roundabout at the intersection of the Chester Road and the A47 Fort Parkway at the entrance to the Castle Vale estate in Birmingham, England.
On 5 March 2004, Gordon Mitchell unveiled a 3/4-scale representation of the prototype Spitfire K5054 at the entrance to Southampton Airport, Southampton, on the 68th anniversary of its first flight. The sculpture was created by Alan Manning.
American philanthropist Sidney Frank unveiled a statue of R. J. Mitchell at London's Science Museum on 15 September 2005. Made from hundreds of small pieces of Welsh slate, the statue shows Mitchell standing at his drawing board. The slate drawing board's surface is incised with the image of the June 1936 drawing of the prototype Spitfire K5054. The stone sculpture was created by Stephen Kettle and given to the museum by the Sidney E. Frank Foundation. Frank also commissioned a web site commemorating Mitchell's life and achievements.
In 2006 Gordon Mitchell received a letter from Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, supporting his efforts to rename Southampton Airport in honor of his father. A tireless proponent of his father's legacy, Mitchell died in 2009, aged 88.
The Mitchell Arts Centre in Stoke-on-Trent, opened in 1957, was constructed in his honour.
In 2012, a road at the Advanced Manufacturing Park in Rotherham, England, was named Mitchell Way in honour of the Spitfire designer.

Works cited