Public intoxication
Public intoxication, also known as "drunk and disorderly" and drunk in public, is a summary offense in some countries rated to public cases or displays of drunkenness. Public intoxication laws vary widely from jurisdiction, but usually require some obvious display of intoxicated incompetence or behavior disruptive/obnoxious to public order before the charge is levied.
Australia
and Queensland are the only states in Australia that still have a specific offence of public drunkenness, a charge that a royal commission found disproportionately affected Aboriginal people. On 22 August 2019, Victoria announced plans to decriminalise public drunkenness and to treat alcohol abuse as a health issue. Police even in these states are relatively lenient about public intoxication, and generally transport an intoxicated person to his or her residence or temporary detention at a police station or other welfare establishment until the person is sober. Prosecution is generally only considered if the person is violent or other offenses have been committed.In Victoria being "drunk in a public place" and "drunk and disorderly in a public place" are separate offences contained in the Summary Offences Act 1966 which have their own power of arrest. Recent changes to legislation allow police to issue an infringement notice for these offences in addition to the traditional method of charging and bailing the offender to the Magistrates' Court. The current fine attached to the infringement notice is $590 for a first offence and $1,100 for a subsequent offence. A person arrested for being drunk or drunk and disorderly is held at the Melbourne Custody Centre or the cells at a police station or placed in the care of a friend or relative.
Public drunkenness was decriminalised in New South Wales, and the Northern Territory, and in South Australia. In New South Wales police have the discretion to issue "on the spot" fines or infringement notices for "drunk in public", a fine that costs the individual over $480. Community Legal Centres across the state complain about these fines and the impact it has had on various vulnerable members of the community, including young people, the homeless and minority groups. As an example, a "drunk and disorderly" fine in New South Wales starts at $550. As of February 2009, local councils in New South Wales are not allowed to charge people who drink in alcohol-free zones; they are only permitted to confiscate the alcohol of the intoxicated person.
Canada
In Canada, liquor laws are made by the provinces and not the federal government.In British Columbia, drinking in public and public intoxication are offenses. If an event is to take place in public with alcohol it must have a permit.
In Ontario, drinking in public and public intoxication are offenses. Having an open container in public garners a $125 fine. Public drunkenness garners a $65 fine and detainment until sober. If an event is to take place in public with alcohol it must have a permit.
While liquor laws are similar from province to province, the laws in the territories tend to be substantially different. For instance, in the Northwest Territories public intoxication can result in imprisonment or detention in a medical facility for up to 24 hours.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, there are a number of offences dealing with intoxication, which vary between the constituent countries.In a public place, it is an offence to be:
- drunk,
- drunk and disorderly
- while boarding, or while on board, an aircraft
- while in charge of a child under 7 years old
- while travelling to a "designated sporting event" on public transport or a vehicle with eight seats or more
- while in, or attempting to enter, a "designated sporting ground" during a designated sporting event.
There are also many more specific offences, including driving a motor vehicle while drunk and riding a cycle while unfit through drink. Furthermore, the police have the power to confiscate any alcohol which is being consumed in public by those under 18, and local authorities have the power to prohibit alcohol consumption in certain areas.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, drinking in public is not a crime and instead, local governments must specify that alcohol is banned in an area before it is considered a crime to drink in that location. Being drunk in public is not specifically an offense unless the person who is intoxicated is a public nuisance, in which case they may be dealt with for 'disturbing the peace'. This will usually result in being taken home, or otherwise taken to a police cell until sober.United States
Laws in the United States regarding drunkenness vary widely from state to state.1968 Constitutional challenge
In 1968, in the case of Powell v. Texas, the Texas law against public intoxication was challenged in the Supreme Court of the United States for alleged violation of Eighth Amendment, which forbids cruel and unusual punishment. The court upheld the law, ruling that criminalizing public intoxication was neither cruel nor unusual.State public intoxication laws today
- California: California Penal Code 647 considers public intoxication a misdemeanor. The code describes public intoxication as someone who displays intoxication to liquor, drugs, controlled substances or toluene and demonstrates an inability to care for themselves or others, or interferes or obstructs the free use of streets, sidewalks or other public way. California Penal Code 647 affords law enforcement the option to take an individual fitting the arrest criteria for 647, and no other crime, into civil protective custody if a "sobering facility" is available. Essentially, the detainee agrees to remain at the location until the facility's staff consents to their departure; usually after four hours and upon the belief that the detainee is safe to look after themselves. Not every municipality in California has such a facility. Also, if a person is being combative and/or is under the influence of drugs, they will be taken to jail. Unlike a person who is taken to jail, a civil detainee under 647 is not later prosecuted in a court of law.
- Colorado: Public intoxication in the state of Colorado is not punished with criminal or civil penalties. Instead, state law prohibits the passing of local laws that penalize public intoxication, but state law provides for the creation of patrols trained to provide assistance to intoxicated and incapacitated people.
- Georgia: In Georgia, public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor. Public intoxication is defined as a person who shall be and appear in an intoxicated condition in any public place or within the curtilage of any private residence not his own other than by invitation of the owner or lawful occupant, which condition is made manifest by boisterousness, by indecent condition or act, or by vulgar, profane, loud, or unbecoming language.
- Indiana: In Indiana, public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor, punishable with up to 180 days in jail, and a $1,000 fine. As of 2012, simply being intoxicated in public is no longer a crime. The person must also be, endangering the person's life; endangering the life of another person; breaching the peace or is in imminent danger of breaching the peace; or is harassing, annoying, or alarming another person..
- Iowa: The Code of Iowa Sec 123.46 states that "a person shall not be intoxicated or simulate intoxication in a public place". Public Intoxication is a Simple Misdemeanor punishable by a maximum of 30 days' jail and a $1,000 fine. Aggravated Public Intoxication is an Aggravated Misdemeanor punishable by a maximum of 2 years in prison. As of 2013, Johnson County, home of the University of Iowa had the highest arrest rate for public intoxication of any county in the state, at 8.28 per 1,000 residents.
- Kansas: Being drunk in public in Kansas is not a criminal offense. Kansas statute 65-4059 states "No county or city shall adopt any local law, ordinance, resolution or regulation having the force of law rendering public intoxication by alcohol in and of itself or being a common drunkard or being found in enumerated places in an intoxicated condition, an offense, a violation, or the subject of criminal penalties."
- Minnesota: Public intoxication is not a crime in Minnesota. However, cities can enact laws against public intoxication, such as the City of St. Cloud.
- Missouri has no state public intoxication law. Missouri's permissive alcohol laws both protect people from suffering any criminal penalty for the mere act of being drunk in public, and prohibit local jurisdictions from enacting criminal public intoxication laws on their own.
- Montana state law states that public intoxication is not a crime. However, the law allows law enforcement to take an intoxicated person home, or to detain them, if they are a danger to themselves or others. The law also states that no record can be made that indicates the person was arrested or detained for being intoxicated.
- Nevada has no state public intoxication law. Nevada state law both protects people from suffering any criminal penalty for the mere act of being drunk in public, and prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting criminal public intoxication laws on their own.
- Oregon: The state has no laws against public intoxication and actively bans local intoxication ordinances in §430.402. "However, if the person is incapacitated, the health of the person appears to be in immediate danger, or the police have reasonable cause to believe the person is dangerous to self or to any other person, the person shall be taken by the police to an appropriate treatment facility." § 430.399
- Texas: Public intoxication is a Class C misdemeanor. However, if the offender is a minor, harsher penalties apply. Section 49.01 of the Penal Code, which legally defines "intoxication", includes both a blood alcohol content greater than 0.08 but also defines it as "not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body"; thus, a breathalyzer or field sobriety test is not required to prove public intoxication. This low standard of proof has led to criticism that officers are using "public intoxication" as a means of harassment, especially towards minority groups.
- Virginia criminalizes public intoxication under section 18.2-388 of the Code of Virginia. It is punishable by a fine of up to $250.
- Wisconsin also does not have a state public intoxication law although municipalities may pass city ordinances prohibiting public intoxication. Public intoxication is legal in Milwaukee, however, public drinking is not.