Pronunciation Lexicon Specification


The Pronunciation Lexicon Specification is a W3C Recommendation, which is designed to enable interoperable specification of pronunciation information for both speech recognition and speech synthesis engines within voice browsing applications. The language is intended to be easy to use by developers while supporting the accurate specification of pronunciation information for international use.
The language allows one or more pronunciations for a word or phrase to be specified using a standard pronunciation alphabet or if necessary using vendor specific alphabets. Pronunciations are grouped together into a PLS document which may be referenced from other markup languages, such as the Speech Recognition Grammar Specification SRGS and the Speech Synthesis Markup Language SSML.

Usage

Here is an example PLS document:


xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">

judgment
judgement
ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt



fiancé
fiance
fiˈɒns.eɪ

ˌfiː.ɑːnˈseɪ




which could be used to improve TTS as shown in the following SSML 1.0 document:


xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis
http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis/synthesis.xsd"
xml:lang="en-US">

In the judgement of my fiancé, Las Vegas is the best place for a honeymoon.
I replied that I preferred Venice and didn't think the Venetian casino was an
acceptable compromise.




but also to improve ASR in the following SRGS 1.0 grammar:


xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar
http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-grammar/grammar.xsd"
xml:lang="en-US" root="movies" mode="voice">



Terminator 2: Judgment Day
My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance
Pluto's Judgement Day


Common use cases

Multiple pronunciations for the same orthography

For ASR systems it is common to rely on multiple pronunciations of the same word or phrase in order to cope with variations of pronunciation within a language. In the Pronunciation Lexicon language, multiple pronunciations are represented by more than one element within the same element.
In the following example the word "Newton" has two possible pronunciations.


xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-GB">

Newton
ˈnjuːtən

ˈnuːtən



Multiple orthographies

In some situations there are alternative textual representations for the same word or phrase. This can arise due to a number of reasons. See Section 4.5 of PLS for details. Because these are representations that have the same meaning, it is recommended that they be represented using a single element that contains multiple graphemes.
Here are two simple examples of multiple orthographies: alternative spelling of an English word and multiple writings of a Japanese word.


xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">


colour
color
ˈkʌlər




xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="jp">


nihongo
日本語
にほんご
ɲihoŋɡo



Homophones

Most languages have homophones, words with the same pronunciation but different meanings, for instance "seed" and "cede". It is recommended that these be represented as different lexemes.


xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">

cede
siːd



seed
siːd



Homographs

Most languages have words with different meanings but the same spelling, called homographs. For example, in English the word bass and the word bass have identical spellings but different meanings and pronunciations. Although it is recommended that these words be represented using separate elements that are distinguished by different values of the role attribute, if a pronunciation lexicon author does not want to distinguish between the two words they could simply be represented as alternative pronunciations within the same element. In the latter case the TTS processor will not be able to distinguish when to apply the first or the second transcription.
In this example the pronunciations of the homograph "bass" are shown.


xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">

bass
bæs

beɪs




Note that English contains numerous examples of noun-verb pairs that can be treated either as homographs or as alternative pronunciations, depending on author preference. Two examples are the noun/verb "refuse" and the noun/verb "address".


xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
xmlns:mypos="http://www.example.org/my_pos_namespace"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">

refuse
rɪˈfjuːz



refuse
ˈrɛfjuːs



Pronunciation by orthography

For some words and phrases pronunciation can be expressed quickly and conveniently as a sequence of other orthographies. The developer is not required to have linguistic knowledge, but instead makes use of the pronunciations that are already expected to be available. To express pronunciations using other orthographies the element may be used.
This feature may be very useful to deal with acronym expansion.


xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">


W3C
World Wide Web Consortium



101
one hundred and one



Thailand
tie land



BBC 1
be be sea one


Status and future

  • PLS 1.0 reached the status of W3C Recommendation on 14 October 2008.