Prince Zhanghuai


Li Xian , courtesy name Mingyun, formally Crown Prince Zhanghuai, named Li De from 672 to 674, was a crown prince of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. He was the sixth son of Emperor Gaozong, and the second son of his second wife Empress Wu. He was known for writing commentaries for the Book of Later Han, the official history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He became crown prince in 675 after his older brother Li Hong's death, but soon fell out of favor with Empress Wu herself. In 680, Empress Wu had her associates accuse Li Xian of treason, and he was demoted to commoner rank and exiled. In 684, after Emperor Gaozong's death, Empress Wu, then empress dowager, had her associate Qiu Shenji visit Li Xian to force him to commit suicide.
In 706, his younger brother Emperor Zhongzong provided Li Xian with an honorable burial by interring his remains at the Qianling Mausoleum.

Background

Li Xian was born on 29 January 655, as the sixth son of Emperor Gaozong and the second son of his then-favorite concubine Consort Wu. There were, however, persistent rumors inside the palace that he was not actually born of Consort Wu but of her older sister Wu Shun.
In 655, the same year that his mother Consort Wu displaced Emperor Gaozong's first wife Empress Wang as empress, Li Xian was created the Prince of Lu. In 656, he was initially titularly given the post of prefect of Qi Prefecture, and then the dual posts as prefect of the capital prefecture Yong Prefecture and commandant at You Prefecture.
It was said that his behavior was elegant, even in his youth, and, according to a comment that Emperor Gaozong made to the chancellor Li Ji, he had studied the Classic of History, Classic of Rites, Analects, and a number of ancient poems and could remember them clearly. In 661, his title was changed to Prince of Pei, and he was given the titles of commandant at Yang Prefecture and major general, but he continued to also serve as prefect of Yong Prefecture. At this time, he had the literarily talented official Wang Bo on staff.
Around this time, the princes were apparently often engaged in cockfighting. Wang Bo wrote a playful piece entitled the Declaration Against the Prince of Zhou's Cock , which, however, when Emperor Gaozong read it, caused Emperor Gaozong to be angry, as he believed this would cause discord between his sons, and therefore expelled Wang from the Pei mansion.
In 672, Li Xian's title was changed to Prince of Yong, and he was given the titles of commandant at Liang Prefecture, but continued to also serve as general and prefect of Yong Prefecture. His name was also changed to Li De. In 674, his name was changed back to Li Xian.

As crown prince

In 675, Li Xian's older brother Li Hong the crown prince died—a death that traditional historians generally believed to be a poisoning ordered by Empress Wu. On July 3, Li Xian was created crown prince to replace Li Hong. Emperor Gaozong soon ordered that much of government matters be ruled on by Li Xian, and Li Xian was praised for making good decisions. Also around this time, Li Xian led a group of scholars, including Zhang Da'an, Liu Nayan, Ge Xiyuan, Xu Shuya, Cheng Xuanyi, Shi Cangzhu, and Zhou Baoning, in writing commentaries for the Book of Later Han, the official history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, written by the Liu Song scholar Fan Ye.
Meanwhile, Li Xian's relationship with Empress Wu began to deteriorate, as Li Xian had heard the rumors that he was actually the son of Lady of Han, and had become fearful. Empress Wu, detecting this, had her literary staff write two works entitled, Good Examples for Shaoyang and Biographies of Filial Sons and gave them to Li Xian, and further wrote a number of letters rebuking Li Xian, making him more fearful. Further, when the sorcerer Ming Chongyan, who was well-trusted by Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu, was assassinated in 679, Empress Wu suspected Li Xian—as Ming had been known to repeatedly make comments to Empress Wu that included, "The Crown Prince cannot bear the responsibilities of state. The Prince of Ying has the most honorable appearance."
Meanwhile, Li Xian was also known for his liking of music and women. When Empress Wu heard this, she had people report this to Emperor Gaozong, who ordered an investigation led by the officials Xue Yuanchao, Pei Yan, and Gao Zhizhou. When they searched the crown prince's stables, they found several hundred suits of black armor, and they believed this to be evidence of a coup, and after interrogation, one of Li Xian's favorite servants, Zhao Daosheng, admitted to assassinating Ming on Li Xian's orders. Emperor Gaozong, who had favored Li Xian, considered pardoning him, but Empress Wu refused. On September 20, 680, Emperor Gaozong deposed Li Xian and reduced him to commoner rank, delivering him from the eastern capital Luoyang to the capital Chang'an to be imprisoned there. His close associates were executed, and the seized armor was burned publicly to demonstrate Li Xian's treason. Li Zhe was created crown prince to replace him.

After removal

In 683, Li Xian was moved from Chang'an to Ba Prefecture. In 684, after Emperor Gaozong's death, Li Zhe initially took the throne, but soon was deposed himself due to signs of disobedience to Empress Wu, and Li Dan became emperor instead, although Empress Dowager Wu retained all powers as regent. In spring 684, she sent the general Qiu Shenji to Ba Prefecture with the order of, "Examine the house of Li Xian the former crown prince to prevent external attacks." However, she hinted to him that he should have Li Xian killed. When he got to Ba Prefecture, he placed Li Xian into a small room and forced him to commit suicide. When news of Li Xian's death arrived at Luoyang, Empress Wu publicly blamed Qiu and demoted him to the post of prefect of Die Prefecture, while publicly mourning Li Xian and posthumously creating him the title of Prince of Yong. After Empress Wu's death in 705 and the restoration of Emperor Zhongzong to the throne, Emperor Zhongzong had Li Xian's casket returned to Chang'an, to be buried near the tomb of Emperor Gaozong. After Emperor Ruizong became emperor again in 710, he had Li Xian's crown prince title restored.

Ancestry

Family

Wife

Princess Fang of Yong→Crown Princess→commoner→Princess of Yong →Princess Dowager of Bin→Crown Princess Jing

Concubine

Consort Zhang

Issue

  1. Li Guangshun, Prince of Le'an, later emigrated to Yifeng and killed. Posthumously honored Prince of Ju
  2. Li Shouli, born Li Guangren, born by Consort Zhang. He would be created Prince of Bin and treated as son of an emperor when his cousin Emperor Xuanzong was reigning
  3. Li Shouyi, Prince of Qianwei, later emigrated to Guiyang and died there. Posthumously honored Prince of Bi
  4. Lady Changxin, she woule be demoted to xianzhu, and her later fate was unknown
None of the sons was born by Princess Fang. Whether Princess Fang mothered Lady Changxin was also unknown.