Presidential Commission on Good Government


The Presidential Commission on Good Government is a Philippine quasi-judicial government agency whose primary mandate is to recover ill-gotten wealth accumulated by Ferdinand Marcos, his immediate family, relatives, subordinates and close associates, whether located in the Philippines or abroad. It was created by President Corazon Aquino shortly after she was sworn in as President in the aftermath of the 1986 People Power revolution. In addition to recovering the Marcos wealth, it is also tasked with investigating other cases of graft and corruption; and instituting of corruption prevention measures.
Soon after the PCGG was created, Aquino issued an executive order freezing the assets of the Marcoses in the Philippines, and assigning the PCGG to negotiate with foreign governments so that Marcos wealth overseas could be repatriated to the Philippines, giving the PCGG diplomatic powers in addition to its quasi-judicial functions.
In keeping with the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law in 1988, the funds recovered by the PCGG are automatic appropriated to fund the Philippines' agrarian reform programs, and has since then funded more than 80 percent of the Philippines' budget for agrarian reform.

Mandates and Powers

Mandates

The mandates of the PCGG are spelled out under Section 2 of Executive Order No. 1, series 1986:
Recovery of ill-gotten wealth of the Marcoses – The executive order specifies this as "all ill-gotten wealth accumulated by former President Ferdinand E. Marcos, his immediate family, relatives, subordinates and close associates, whether located in the Philippines or abroad, including the takeover or sequestration of all business enterprises and entities owned or controlled by them, during his administration, directly or through nominees, by taking undue advantage of their public office and/or using their powers, authority, influence, connections or relationship."
Investigation of any other cases of graft and corruption - which may be assigned to the commission by the President
The Institution of corruption prevention measures - The executive order specifies this as "The adoption of safeguards to ensure that the above practices shall not be repeated in any manner under the new government, and the institution of adequate measures to prevent the occurrence of corruption."

Powers

Sec. 3 of Executive Order No. 1 enumerates the powers and authorities of the PCGG:
To conduct investigation as may be necessary in order to accomplish and carry out the purposes of this order.
To sequester or place or cause to be placed under its control or possession any building or office wherein any ill-gotten wealth or properties may be found, and any records pertaining thereto, in order to prevent their destruction, concealment or disappearance which would frustrate or hamper the investigation or otherwise prevent the Commission from accomplishing its task.
To provisionally take over in the public interest or to prevent its disposal or dissipation, business enterprises and properties taken over by the government of the Marcos Administration or by entities or persons close to former President Marcos, until the transactions leading to such acquisition by the latter can be disposed of by the appropriate authorities.
To enjoin or restrain any actual or threatened commission of facts by any person or entity that may render moot and academic, or frustrate, or otherwise make ineffectual the efforts of the Commission to carry out its tasks under this order.
To administer oaths, and issue subpoena requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and/or the production of such books, papers, contracts, records, statement of accounts and other documents as may be material to the investigation conducted by the Commission.
To hold any person in direct or indirect contempt and impose the appropriate penalties, following the same procedures and penalties provided in the Rules of Court.
To seek and secure the assistance of any office, agency or instrumentality of the government.
To promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purpose of this order.

Achievements

Recovery of ill gotten wealth

As of 2019, the PCGG has recovered more than P171 billion of ill-gotten wealth from the Marcoses and from Marcos cronies since its creation in 1986. Some of this came from money sequestered by the PCGG or surrendered under various compromise agreements, and some of it came from the sale of various surrendered or sequestered properties.

Support to the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

When the Philippines' Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law was passed in 1988, it contained provisions saying that funds recovered by the PCGG should be automatically appropriated to fund the agrarian reform program. Since then, the PCGG has remitted significant amounts to the Department of Agrarian Reform, supplying 80% of the Philippines' agrarian reform budget as of the mid-2010s.

History

By the time Ferdinand Marcos was inaugurated president in 1965, he had already served three terms as Congressman for the second district of Ilocos Norte to the Philippine House of Representatives, and then served in the Philippine senate from 1959 to1965, eventually becoming Senate President before winning the 1965 Philippine Presidential Election. He remained President for 21 years despite the eight year limitation set by the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines by placing the country under Martial Law in 1972.
Marcos' rule after his 1972 declaration of Martial Law was characterized by numerous human rights abuses while the Marcoses became known for an increasingly decadent lifestyle, until the collapse of the Philippine economy in 1983 and the assassination of opposition senator Benigno Aquino Jr. finally led to the Marcoses being deposed by the 1986 People Power revolution and exiled to Hawaii.
Statements of Assets filed by Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos from 1966 to 1986, showed that they had earned combined salaries worth P2,319,583.33. But documents discovered in the Malacañang Presidential Palace showed that they had accumulated US$5 billion to US$10 billion worth of cash and assets, spread across the globe.

Creation (1986)

On February 28, 1986, three days after she was inaugurated as President of the Philippines at Club Filipino, Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order No. 1, creating the PCGG, exercising her unique position of having full possession of both legislative and executive powers as president of the new revolutionary government.
Two weeks later on March 12, she signed Executive Order No. 2, freezing the assets of the Marcoses in the Philippines and authorizing the PCGG to negotiate with foreign governments to facilitate the recovery of Marcos assets abroad.
Jovito Salonga, who had advised Aquino on how the commission should be organized, was appointed as its first chairperson.
On June 22, 1987, Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229, implementing Article II Section 21 of the constitution, which states that “The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.” Marcos wealth recovered by the PCGG was automatically appropriated for agrarian reform. This led to the Congressional enactment of Republic Act No. 8532 - the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law in 1988, which gave a congressional mandate for the program and formalized the automatic appropriation of PCGG'S recoverd funds for that purpose. Since then, funds recovered by the PCGG have funded upwards of 80% of the Philippine budget for the Comrehensive Agrarian Reform Program.

Jovito Salonga Chairmanship (1986-1987)

Jovito Salonga stayed on as chairperson of the PCGG for a year, eventually deciding to run in the 1987 Philippine Senate election after the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines had restored the bicameral Congress of the Philippines.
During Salonga's term as chairperson the PCGG sequestered several billions of pesos worth of property, reached out to the governments of the United States and Switzerland to ask for help in recovering wealth Marcos had stashed in those countries, filed civil cases for the recovery of assets from known Marcos cronies, and entered into settlement deals with Marcos cronies Jose Yao Campos and Antonio Floirendo.
Under Salonga, the PCGG immediately put Aquino's Executive Order No. 2 into effect, sequestering sequestered several billions of pesos worth of property, including: the Malacañang jewelry collection; 236 corporations including the United Coconut Planter’s Bank, Intercontinental Broadcasting, Radio Philippines Network Inc, Philippine Communications Sattelite Corporation, Philippine Overseas Telecommunications Company, Eastern Telecommunications Philippines Inc., Bataan Shipyard and Engineering Company, Chemfields Inc., San Miguel Corporation, and Coconut Investment Corporation; and shares of stock in 143 other companies. In addition, the PCGG secured the Award of Titles to two properties in New Jersey - the ones at Princeton Pike and Pendleton Drive - from the New Jersey Supreme Court. It also began auctioning various Marcos properties, giving the proceeds to the Bureau of Treasury.
They also began legal proceedings for the first 39 civil cases against the Marcoses and their cronies. In addition to the Marcoses themselves, civil cases were filed against: Alfredo Romualdez, Amando Romualdez, Jose Africa, Andres Genito, Herminio Disini, Alberto Looyuko, Rodolfo Cuenca, Bienvenido Tantoco, Lucio Tan, Fabian Ver, Eduardo Cojangco, Geronimo Velasco, Anos Fonacier, Roman Cruz, Fe Roa Gimenez, Ofelia Trinidad, Alfonso Lim, Major General Josephus Ramas, Jolly Bugarin, Emilio Yap, Luz Bakunawa, Antonio Martel, Vicente Chuidian, Jose De Venecia, Alejo Ganut, BGen Jaime Echeverria, Tomas Dumpit, Ricardo Silverio, Roberto Abling, Peter Sabido, Remedios Argana, Jesus Tanchanco, Roberto Benedicto, and Eduardo Marcelo.
As part of their mandate to institute safeguards to prevent corruption, the PCGG also began pushing for the passage of what would eventually become Republic Act 6713 – the 1987 Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees.
The PCGG filed a USD 200 Million claim on 4 Marcos-owned buildings in New York City which had already been the subject of a Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations case filed by the US Government. The Crown Building at 730 5th Avenue, was eventually sold for USD 93.6 M, but the PCGG's share of the proceeds only amounted to USD 769, 852. The Herald Center on Broadway was eventually sold for USD 25 Million, but the PCGG only earned a net of USD 1.5 Million from the sale after mortgages that had been taken on the property were paid. The 40 Wall Street building, which has since been renamed the Trump Building, was sold in a foreclosure sale before the PCGG could make good on its claim. The 200 Madison Ave property was the last of the properties to be sold in 1993, earning the PCGG a USD 189, 149 part of the proceeds.

Swiss Bank Accounts of the Marcoses

It was under Salonga that the PCGG first reached out to the Swiss Federal Government after a search of documents left by the Marcoses in Malacañang showed that the Marcoses had deposited funds there. The documents revealed that the Marcoses had started depositing money in Swiss Accounts as eaerly as 1968 - four years prior to the declaration of Martial Law.
The Swiss Federal Government told the PCGG to file a request under the International Mutual Assistance on Criminal Matters Act in order to recover USD 340 Million which the Marcoses had deposited in Swiss Banks.

Yao Campos Settlement

The PCGG under Salonga achieved its first major recovery victory when Marcos crony and UNILAB founder Jose Yao Campos indicated that he wanted to make amends with the new government, and that he wanted to return the Marcos properties and cash which had been put under his name. The PCGG entered into a legal settlement with Campos, in return for which he returned PhP 2.5 Billion worth of titles to 197 properties in Metro Manila, Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, Bataan, and Baguio, as well as PhP 250 Million in cash.

Floirendo settlement

Towards the end of Salonga's term in the PCGG, Banana Magnate Antonio Floirendo also entered into a settlement agreement, returning PhP 70 Million in cash and assets, including the Lindenmire Estate in Long Island; Olympic Towers in Midtown Manhattan; and 2433 Makiki Heights Drive in Honolulu.

Further efforts during the Corazon Aquino Administration (1987-1992)

The Aquino administration went through four further PCGG chairpersons before the end of her term in 1992 - Ramon A. Diaz, Adolfo Azcuna, Mateo Armando Caparas, and David Castro.
The mandate of the PCGG received international support when the 44th Session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in early 1988 called on UN Member Nations to help in the recovery of funds stolen by the leaders of Haiti and the Philippines. The council said that this was to help “prevent individuals guilty of human rights violatins from profiting from their crimes,” and asserted that “The millions of dollars stolen by the deposed leaders of the Philippines and Haiti should be returned to the Filipinos and Haitian people.”

Recovery of ill-gotten wealth

During this time, the PCGG was able to recover PhP 375 Million from the Security Bank accounts of Rolando Gapud and Jose Yao Campos, and a further PhP 157.7 m from Security Bank Company accounts. The PCGG was also able to sell the Marcoses' Princeton Pike Property in New Jersey for net proceeds of PhP 34.59 Million, and the Marcoses' Olympic Tower apartments for net proceeds of PhP 58.280 Million. The PCGG was also able to earn significantly from the auction of the Marcoses' furniture, rugs, books, silverware and artwork, including 99 paintings from the Marcoses' old masters collection - notably "David with the Head of Goliath" by Francisco de Zurbarán, and "The city of venice adoring the Christ child" by Paolo Veronese. The PCGG also successfully appealed to various US District Courts forbidding the Marcoses from selling assets identified for recovery by the Philippine Government.

Settlement agreements

Several settlements were accepted by the PCGG during this period - with Anthony Lee, Roberto Benedicto, the Meralco Foundation in the case of shared registered under the name of Benjamin Romualdez, and with Imelda Marcos herself in the case of her Sanwa Bank accounts.
The Roberto Benedicto compromise agreement saw the surrender of 32 Corporations, USD 16 Million in Swiss Bank Deposits, and cash dividends in some of his companies, 100 Percent of the shares for California Overseas Bank, 51% of Benedicto's agricultural lands, and shares in television stations IBC 13 and RPN 9. Meantime, the Anthony Lee compromise agreement resulted in the surrender of Lee's shares in Mountainview Real Estate Corporation.
The settlement with Meralco Foundation over the Meralco shares which had been registered under the name of Benjamin Romualdez led to PCGG temporarily gaining control over 22 Million Meralco Shares. These shares were eventually privatized in three batches - a PhP 13.57 Billion sale to the SSS and GSIS in 1994; a PhP 2.6 Billion sale to on 23 Oct 1997 to Union Fenosa Holdings in 1997; and a PhP 53 million sale through Merrill Lynch Far East Ltd. in 1998.
The settlement in a California court case against Imelda Marcos herself resulted in the surrender of PhP11.5 million from her Sanwa Bank accounts, and most of the assets seized by US customs when the Marcoses first went into exile in Honolulu.

Continued pursuit of the Marcos Swiss accounts

During this time, Swiss Courts ordered the transmission to the Philippines of documents regarding the Marcoses’ deposits in Geneva, Zurich, and Freburg. The Zurich Canton Court ordered the releases the frozen deposits to the Sandiganbayan, which was to determine their rightful owner. The PCGG filed a forfeiture case with the Sandiganbayan to recover the money from these frozen Marcos Swiss accounts.

Transfer of Supervision to the Department of Justice (2007)

While the PCGG was, for twenty-one years been under the supervision and control of the Office of the President, this institutional setup was changed when President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issued on July 27, 2007, placing the PCGG under the administrative supervision of the Department of Justice. Notwithstanding the clear direction under Section 2 of Executive Order No. 643, no implementing guidelines have ever been issued by the Justice Department.

Corruption Scandals, Proposal for abolition, and Expansion of Powers

The PCGG was implicated by corruption scandals after allegations came out that PCGG commissioners were "milking" sequestered surrendered corporations, using excess foreign travel allowances, and taking cash advances without liquidation.
In January 2013, the commission is proposing to wind down operations and transfer its operations respectively to the Department of Justice and the Office of the Solicitor General and the Department of Finance for the pending civil litigation and the disposal of assets sequestered in the past years. However, on 24 November 2016, President Rodrigo Duterte informed the public that he wants the powers of the PCGG expanded to cover the ill-gotten wealth of other corrupt public officials and not just the Marcoses and their cronies.

Past Chairpersons

The following is a list of previous Chairpersons of the PCGG:
NameTermPresident Served Under
Jovito R. SalongaFebruary 28, 1986March 5, 1987Pres. Corazon Aquino
Ramon A. DiazMarch 9, 1987August 12, 1988Pres. Corazon Aquino
Adolfo S. Azcuna July 14August 14, 1988Pres. Corazon Aquino
Mateo Armando T. CaparasAugust 15, 1988August 31, 1990Pres. Corazon Aquino
David M. CastroSeptember 1, 1990June 30, 1992Pres. Corazon Aquino
Magtanggol C. GunigundoJuly 1, 1992June 30, 1998Pres. Fidel Ramos
Felix M. De GuzmanJuly 2, 1998October 27, 1998Pres. Joseph Estrada
Alexander G. GesmundoOctober 28, 1998November 2, 1998Pres. Joseph Estrada
Magdangal B. ElmaNovember 4, 1998Feb. 16, 2001Pres. Joseph Estrada
Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Jorge V. Sarmiento February 21, 2001July 16, 2001Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Haydee B. YoracJuly 17, 2001May 1, 2005Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Camilo L. Sabio May 2, 2005September 12, 2010Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Pres. Benigno Aquino III
Juan Andrés D. BautistaSeptember 13, 2010April 27, 2015Pres. Benigno S. Aquino III
Richard Roger Amurao May 14, 2015June 30, 2016Pres. Benigno S. Aquino III
Reynold S. Munsayac September 12, 2016PresentPres. Rodrigo Duterte
--Pres. Rodrigo Duterte