Presidencies and provinces of British India


The Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India and still earlier, Presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in India. Collectively, they were called British India. In one form or another, they existed between 1612 and 1947, conventionally divided into three historical periods:
In 1608, Mughal authorities allowed the English East India Company to establish a small trading settlement at Surat, and this became the company's first headquarters town. It was followed in 1611 by a permanent factory at Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast, and in 1612 the company joined other already established European trading companies in Bengal in trade. However, the power of the Mughal Empire declined from 1707, first at the hands of the Marathas and later due to invasion from Persia and Afghanistan ; after the East India Company's victories at the Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar —both within the Bengal Presidency established in 1765—and the abolition of local rule in Bengal in 1793, the Company gradually began to formally expand its territories across India. By the mid-19th century, and after the three Anglo-Maratha Wars the East India Company had become the paramount political and military power in south Asia, its territory held in trust for the British Crown.
Company rule in Bengal was terminated by the Government of India Act 1858, following the events of the Bengal Rebellion of 1857. Henceforth known as British India, it was thereafter directly ruled as a colonial possession of the United Kingdom, and India was officially known after 1876 as the Indian Empire. India was divided into British India, regions that were directly administered by the British, with Acts established and passed in British Parliament, and the Princely States, ruled by local rulers of different ethnic backgrounds. These rulers were allowed a measure of internal autonomy in exchange for recognition of British suzerainty. British India constituted a significant portion of India both in area and population; in 1910, for example, it covered approximately 54% of the area and included over 77% of the population. In addition, there were Portuguese and French exclaves in India. Independence from British rule was achieved in 1947 with the formation of two nations, the Dominions of India and Pakistan, the latter including East Bengal, present-day Bangladesh.
The term British India also applied to Burma for a shorter time period: beginning in 1824, a small part of Burma, and by 1886, almost two thirds of Burma had been made part of British India. This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma was reorganized as a separate British colony. British India did not apply to other countries in the region, such as Sri Lanka, which was a British Crown colony, or the Maldive Islands, which were a British protectorate. At its greatest extent, in the early 20th century, the territory of British India extended as far as the frontiers of Persia in the west; Afghanistan in the northwest; Nepal in the north, Tibet in the northeast; and China, French Indochina and Siam in the east. It also included the Aden Province in the Arabian Peninsula.

Administration under the Company (1793–1858)

The East India Company, which was incorporated on 31 December 1600, established trade relations with Indian rulers in Masulipatam on the east coast in 1611 and Surat on the west coast in 1612. The company rented a small trading outpost in Madras in 1639. Bombay, which was ceded to the British Crown by Portugal as part of the wedding dowry of Catherine of Braganza in 1661, was in turn granted to the East India Company to be held in trust for the Crown.
Meanwhile, in eastern India, after obtaining permission from the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to trade with Bengal, the Company established its first factory at Hoogly in 1640. Almost a half-century later, after Mughal Emperor Aurengzeb forced the Company out of Hooghly for its tax evasion, Job Charnock purchased three small villages, later renamed Calcutta, in 1686, making it the Company's new headquarters. By the mid-18th century, the three principal trading settlements including factories and forts, were then called the Madras Presidency, the Bombay Presidency, and the Bengal Presidency — each administered by a Governor.

The Presidencies



Joppen1907India1700a.jpg |The Indian peninsula in 1700, showing the Mughal Empire and the European trading settlements.
India1760 1905.jpg |The Indian peninsula in 1760, three years after the Battle of Plassey, showing the Maratha Empire and other prominent political states.
IGI1908MadrasTown2.jpg|The presidency town of Madras in a 1908 map. Madras was established as Fort St. George in 1640.
IGI1908IsleBombay2.jpg|The presidency town of Bombay was established in 1684.
IGI1908CalcuttaTown2.jpg|The presidency town of Calcutta was established in 1690 as Fort William.


After Robert Clive's victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the puppet government of a new Nawab of Bengal, was maintained by the East India Company. However, after the invasion of Bengal by the Nawab of Oudh in 1764 and his subsequent defeat in the Battle of Buxar, the Company obtained the Diwani of Bengal, which included the right to administer and collect land-revenue in Bengal, the region of present-day Bangladesh, West Bengal and Bihar beginning from 1772 as per the treaty signed in 1765. By 1773, the Company obtained the Nizāmat of Bengal and thereby full sovereignty of the expanded Bengal Presidency. During the period, 1773 to 1785, very little changed; the only exceptions were the addition of the dominions of the Raja of Banares to the western boundary of the Bengal Presidency, and the addition of Salsette Island to the Bombay Presidency.
Portions of the Kingdom of Mysore were annexed to the Madras Presidency after the Third Anglo-Mysore War ended in 1792. Next, in 1799, after the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War more of his territory was annexed to the Madras Presidency. In 1801, Carnatic, which had been under the suzerainty of the Company, began to be directly administered by it as a part of the Madras Presidency.


File:IGI1908India1765a.jpg|Map of India in 1765.
File:Joppen1907India1795a.jpg|Map of India in 1795.
File:Joppen1907India1805a.jpg|Map of India in 1805.
File:Joppen1907India1823a.jpg|Map of India in 1823.
File:IGI1908India1837a.jpg|Map of India in 1837.
File:Joppen1907India1848a.jpg|Map of India in 1848.
File:IGI1908India1857b-coloured.jpg|Map of India in 1857.
File:Joppen1907BritishBengalBritishBurmaA.jpg|Expansion of British Bengal and Burma.

The new provinces

By 1851, the East India Company's vast and growing holdings across the sub-continent were still grouped into just four main territories:
By the time of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and the end of Company rule, the developments could be summarised as follows:


File:Pope1880NorthWesternProv2.jpg|North-Western Provinces, constituted in 1836 from erstwhile Ceded and Conquered Provinces.
File:Pope1880Panjab3.jpg|Punjab annexed in 1849.
File:Pope1880Oudh2.jpg|Oudh annexed in 1856.

Administration under the Crown (1858–1947)

Historical background

The British Raj began with the idea of the Presidencies as the centres of government. Until 1834, when a General Legislative Council was formed, each Presidency under its Governor and Council was empowered to enact a code of so-called 'Regulations' for its government. Therefore, any territory or province that was added by conquest or treaty to a presidency came under the existing regulations of the corresponding presidency. However, in the case of provinces that were acquired but were not annexed to any of the three Presidencies, their official staff could be provided as the Governor-General pleased, and was not governed by the existing regulations of the Bengal, Madras, or Bombay Presidencies. Such provinces became known as "Non-Regulation Provinces" and up to 1833 no provision for a legislative power existed in such places.
The same two kinds of management applied for districts. Thus Ganjam and Vizagapatam were non-regulation districts.
Non-Regulation Provinces included:


File:Pope1880BritishIndia1.jpg|British India in 1880: this map incorporates the Provinces of British India, the Princely States and the legally non-Indian Crown Colony of Ceylon.
File:IndiaPolitical1893ConstablesHandAtlas.jpg|The Indian Empire in 1893 after the annexation of Upper Burma and incorporation of Baluchistan.
File:Jopen1907IndianEmpire1907a.jpg |The Indian Empire in 1907 during the partition of Bengal.
File:IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg|The Indian Empire in 1915 after the reunification of Bengal, the creation of the new province of Bihar and Orissa, and the re-establishment of Assam.

Regulation provinces



File:Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg|Madras Presidency shown in an 1880 map.
File:Pope1880BombayPres2.jpg|Bombay Presidency in an 1880 map.
File:Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg|Bengal Presidency in 1880.




File:Pope1880CentralProv2.jpg|An 1880 map of Central Provinces. The province had been constituted in 1861.
File:IGI1908CPandBerar2.jpg|1908 map of Central Provinces and Berar. Berar was included in 1903.
File:Pope1880Beluch2.jpg|Beluchistan, shown as an independent kingdom along with Afghanistan and Turkestan, in an 1880 map.
File:IGI1908Beluchistan2.jpg|Baluchistan in 1908: the Districts and Agencies of British Baluchistan are shown alongside the States, mostly: Kalat.


At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight provinces that were administered either by a Governor or a Lieutenant-Governor. The following table lists their areas and populations :
During the partition of Bengal, a new Lieutenant-Governor's province of Eastern Bengal and Assam existed. In 1912, the partition was partially reversed, with the eastern and western halves of Bengal re-united and the province of Assam re-established; a new Lieutenant-Governor's province of Bihar and Orissa was also created.
Province of British IndiaArea Population Chief Administrative Officer
Burma1709Lieutenant-Governor
Bengal15175Lieutenant-Governor
Madras14238Governor-in-Council
Bombay12319Governor-in-Council
United Provinces10748Lieutenant-Governor
Central Provinces and Berar10413Chief Commissioner
Punjab9720Lieutenant-Governor
Assam496Chief Commissioner

Minor provinces

In addition, there were a few provinces that were administered by a Chief Commissioner:
Minor ProvinceArea Population Chief Administrative Officer
North-West Frontier Province162,125Chief Commissioner
British Baluchistan46308British Political Agent in Baluchistan served as ex officio Chief Commissioner
Coorg1.6181British Resident in Mysore served as ex officio Chief Commissioner
Ajmer-Merwara2.7477British Political Agent in Rajputana served as ex officio Chief Commissioner
Andaman and Nicobar Islands325Chief Commissioner

Aden

At the time of independence in 1947, British India had 17 provinces:
Upon the Partition of British India into the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan, 11 provinces joined India, 3 joined Pakistan, and 3 were partitioned between India and Pakistan.
In 1950, after the new Indian Constitution was adopted, the provinces in India were replaced by redrawn states and union territories. Pakistan, however, retained its five provinces, one of which, East Bengal, was renamed East Pakistan in 1956 and became the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971.