In railroading, the pilot is the device mounted at the front of a locomotive to deflect obstacles on the track that might otherwise derail the train. In addition to the pilot, small metal bars called life-guards, rail guards or guard irons are provided immediately in front of the wheels. They knock away smaller obstacles lying directly on the running surface of the railhead. Historically, fenced-off railway systems in Europe relied exclusively on those devices and did not use pilots, but that design is rarely used in modern systems. Instead of a pilot, trams use a device called a fender. Objects lying on the tram track get hit by a sensor bracket, which triggers the lowering of a basket-shaped device to the ground, preventing the overrunning of the obstacles and dragging them along the road surface in front of the wheels. In snowy areas the pilot also has the function of a snowplow.
On a mainline locomotive, the pilot has to successfully deflect an obstacle hit at speed; the ideal is to push it upwards and sideways out of the way. The locomotive should not lift on impact or the train will follow, and the ideal is for a fairly smooth structure so that the locomotive will not get caught and derailed. The typical shape is a blunt wedge that is shallowly V-shaped in plan. In the later days of steam locomotives, the front coupler was designed to swing out of the way also, so it could not get caught up; this was called a 'drop coupler pilot'. Early on, pilots were normally fabricated of bars mounted on a frame; later on, sheet metal pilots were often used for their additional smoothness, and some cast steel pilots were employed for their mass and smooth shape. Early diesel locomotives followed the same plan. Early shunting locomotives often had a pilot with steps on it to allow yard workers to ride on the locomotive; these were called 'footboard pilots'. In some countries, footboard pilots are outlawed for safety reasons, and have been removed. Modern locomotives often have front and rear platforms with safety rails where workers can ride.
Modern pilots
Most modern European rail vehicles must have pilots with snowplow function and rail guards by law. The required strength of the system is in the middle of the track and near the rails. Modern US diesel locomotives have flatter, less wedge-shaped pilots, because a diesel locomotive has the cab near the front, and the crew are vulnerable to impact from obstacles pushed up by the pilot.
Anti-climbers
To protect the crew and passengers, most modern locomotives and passenger cars have a device known as an anti-climber fitted above the coupler, which is designed to prevent colliding vehicles from travelling up over the frame and through the locomotive cab or passenger car. Where a pilot is not fitted, a different type of anti-climber may be used. This is to prevent one passenger car from riding up over another, or telescoping in a collision.
