Phongyibyan is a Burmese language term for the ceremonial cremation of high-ranking Buddhist monks, in particular monks from Myanmar's largest Buddhist order, the Thudhamma Nikaya. Controversy has surrounded the expenses involved in financing such expensive ceremonies.
Regional observances
Phongyibyan is widely observed by Buddhists throughout Myanmar, including the Bamar, Mon, Rakhine, and Shan peoples. Similarly elaborate cremation ceremonies, congruous with those in Myanmar, are also held by the Northern Thai people. Among the Shan and Lanna peoples, the ceremony is known as poy law, which literally means "ceremony of the cart," whereby poy is a Burmese loanword meaning "festival" or "ceremony".
Timing
The ceremonial cremation does not necessarily occur immediately after a monk's death. In Northern Thailand, they are typically held between December and March; and in Myanmar, these ceremonies are not held during the Vassa. The ceremony typically lasts between 3 and 7 days, depending on the ability of worshippers to organize and finance the ceremonies.
Some rites have parallels to accounts of the Buddha's own funeral found in the Mahaparinibbana Sutta. An elaborate set of ceremonies, including staged plays, ritual performances, and construction of temporary pyre structures, constitute the cremation. Immediately after the monk's death, the body is embalmed. After the cremation, the remains are collected and housed in a reliquary. A temporary mortuary chapel called neibban kyaung, with a multi-tiered pyatthat roof, is constructed to house the coffin. The monk may lie in state for several months, while donations are gathered to fund the cremation ceremonies. A massive funerary pyre tower called laungdaik, representing Mount Meru, along with numerous subsidiary towers, is also constructed by specialist bamboo artisans called sat-hsaya. Ceremonial crematory hearses are often constructed for the cremation, often featuringmythical animals. These hearses or floats are used to transport the coffin to the funerary pyre. The Burmese use hearses featuring hamsa. While the Shan construct hearses featuring the karaweik, their Northern Thai counterparts build hearses featuring the nok hatsadiling, a mythical elephant-headed bird. The pyre is often ignited using rockets or fireworks. Another important ritual during the phongyibyan is a tug-of-war of the funerary pyres, called lun hswe in Burmese, and lak prasat in Thai. This tug-of-war is believed to generate merit. The Rakhine people perform the tala aka during the cremation ceremony, whereby around two dozen men carry the bedecked coffin using a bamboo frame, while dancing in unisonto the tune of a Burmese hsaing waing orchestra. A staged play called eiyin, which reflects the pain of the living mourningthe departed and combines the Buddhist concept of rebirth and the monk's virtues and life, is performed from the moment the coffin leaves the monastery to the time of cremation. These performances are held during the daytime, generally held in temporary gilt pavilions called san kyaung, which are erected in the monastery grounds or the village squares.
