Penalty kick (association football)


A penalty kick is a method of restarting play in association football, in which a player is allowed to take a single shot on the goal while it is defended only by the opposing team's goalkeeper. It is awarded when a foul punishable by a direct free kick is committed by a player in their own penalty area. The shot is taken from the penalty mark, which is from the goal line and centred between the touch lines.
In practice, penalty kicks result in goals more often than not, even against the best and most experienced goalkeepers. This means that penalty awards are game-changing decisions and often decisive, particularly in low-scoring games.
Similar kicks are made in a penalty shootout in some tournaments to determine which team is victorious after a drawn match; these are governed by slightly different rules.

Procedure

The ball is placed on the penalty mark, regardless of where in the penalty area the foul occurred. The player taking the kick is to be identified to the referee. Only the kicker and the defending team's goalkeeper are allowed to be within the penalty area; all other players must be within the field of play but outside the penalty area, behind the penalty mark, and a minimum of 9.15m from the penalty mark. The goalkeeper must stand on the goal line between the goal posts until the ball is kicked. Lateral movement is allowed, but the goalkeeper is not permitted to come off the goal line by stepping or lunging forward until the ball is in play. The assistant referee responsible for the goal line where the penalty kick is being taken is positioned at the intersection of the penalty area and goal line, and assists the referee in looking for infringements and/or whether a goal is scored.
When the referee is satisfied that the players are properly positioned, they blow the whistle to indicate that the kicker may kick. The kicker may make feinting moves during the run-up to the ball, but once the run-up is completed they may no longer feint and must kick the ball. The ball must be stationary before the kick, and it must be kicked forward. The ball is in play once it is kicked and moves, and at that time other players may enter the penalty area. Once kicked, the kicker may not touch the ball again until it has been touched by another player of either team or goes out of play.

Infringements

In case of an infringement of the laws of the game during a penalty kick, most commonly entering the penalty area illegally, the referee must consider both whether the ball entered the goal, and which team committed the offence.
Result of the kickNo violationViolation by the attacking team onlyViolation by the defence onlyViolation by both
Enters the goalGoalRekickGoalRekick
Goes directly out of boundsGoal kickGoal kickRekickRekick
Rebounds into play from goal frame/goalkeeperPlay continuesIndirect free kickRekickRekick
Saved & held by goalkeeperPlay continuesPlay continuesRekickRekick
Deflected out of bounds by goalkeeperCorner kickIndirect free kickRekickRekick

The following infringements committed by the kicking team result in an indirect free kick for the defending team, regardless of the outcome of the kick:
In the case of a player repeatedly infringing the laws during the penalty kick, the referee may caution the player for persistent infringement. Note that all offences that occur before kick may be dealt with in this manner, regardless of the location of the offence.
If the ball touches an outside agent as it moves forward from the kick, the kick is retaken.

Tap penalty

A two-man penalty, or "tap" penalty, occurs when the kicker, instead of shooting for goal, taps the ball slightly forward so that a teammate can run on to it and shoot. If properly executed, it is a legal play since the kicker is not required to shoot for goal and need only kick the ball forward. This strategy relies heavily on the element of surprise, as it first requires the goalkeeper to believe the kicker will actually shoot, then dive or move to one side in response. It then requires the goalkeeper to remain out of position long enough for the kicker's teammate to reach the ball before any defenders, and for that teammate to place a shot on the undefended side of the goal.
The first recorded tap penalty was taken by Jimmy McIlroy and Danny Blanchflower of Northern Ireland against Portugal on 1 May 1957. Another was taken by Rik Coppens and André Piters in the World Cup Qualifying match Belgium v Iceland on 5 June 1957. Another attempt was made by Mike Trebilcock and John Newman, playing for Plymouth Argyle in 1964. Later on, Johan Cruyff tried the same with his Ajax team-mate Jesper Olsen in 1982.
Arsenal players Thierry Henry and Robert Pires failed in an attempt at a similar penalty in 2005, during a Premier League match against Manchester City at Highbury. Pires ran in to take the kick, attempted to pass to the onrushing Henry, but miskicked and the ball hardly moved; as he had slightly touched the ball, he could not touch it again, and City defender Sylvain Distin cleared the ball before Henry could shoot.
Lionel Messi tapped a penalty for Luis Suárez as Suárez completed his hat-trick on 14 February 2016 against league opponents Celta de Vigo.

Saving tactics

"Reading" the kicker

Defending against a penalty kick is one of the most difficult tasks a goalkeeper can face. Owing to the short distance between the penalty spot and the goal, there is very little time to react to the shot. Because of this, the goalkeeper will usually start his or her dive before the ball is actually struck. In effect, the goalkeeper must act on his best prediction about where the shot will be aimed. Some goalkeepers decide which way they will dive beforehand, thus giving themselves a good chance of diving in time. Others try to read the kicker's motion pattern. On the other side, kickers often feign and prefer a relatively slow shot in an attempt to foil the goalkeeper. The potentially most fruitful approach, shooting high and centre, i.e., in the space that the goalkeeper will evacuate, also carries the highest risk of shooting above the bar.
As the shooter makes his approach to the ball, the goalkeeper has only a fraction of a second to "read" the shooter's motions and decide where the ball will go. If their guess is correct, this may result in a missed penalty. Helmuth Duckadam, Steaua București's goalkeeper, saved a record four consecutive penalties in the 1986 European Cup Final against Barcelona. He dived three times to the right and a fourth time to his left to save all penalties taken, securing victory for his team.

Use of knowledge of kicker's history

A goalkeeper may also rely on knowledge of the shooter's past behaviour to inform his decision. An example of this would be by former Netherlands national team goalkeeper Hans van Breukelen, who always had a box with cards with all the information about the opponent's penalty specialist. Ecuadorian goalkeeper Marcelo Elizager saving a penalty from Carlos Tevez in a match between Ecuador and Argentina, revealed that he had studied some penalty kicks from Tévez and suspected he was going to shoot to the goalkeeper's left side. Two other examples occurred during the 2006 FIFA World Cup:
  1. Portugal national team goalkeeper Ricardo in a quarter-final match against England, where he saved three penalties out of four.
  2. The quarter-final match between Argentina and Germany also came down to penalties, and German goalkeeper Jens Lehmann was seen looking at a piece of paper kept in his sock before each Argentinian player would come forward for a penalty kick. It is presumed that information on each kicker's "habits" were written on this paper. Lehmann saved two of the four penalties taken and came close to saving a third.
This approach may not always be successful; the player may intentionally switch from his favoured spot after witnessing the goalkeeper obtaining knowledge of his kicks. Most times, especially in amateur football, the goalkeeper is often forced to guess. Game theoretic research shows that both the penalty taker and also the goalkeeper must randomize their strategies in precise ways to avoid having the opponent take advantage of their predictability.

Distraction

The goalkeeper also may try to distract the penalty taker, as the expectation is on the penalty taker to succeed, hence more pressure on the penalty taker, making them more vulnerable to mistakes. For example, in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Chelsea, United goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar pointed to his left side when Nicolas Anelka stepped up to take a shot in the penalty shoot out. This was because all of Chelsea's penalties went to the left. Anelka's shot instead went to Van der Sar's right, which was saved. Liverpool goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar used a method of distracting the players called the "spaghetti legs" trick to help his club defeat Roma to win the 1984 European Cup. This tactic was emulated in the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final, which Liverpool also won, by Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek, helping his team defeat Milan.
An illegal method of saving penalties is for the goalkeeper to make a quick and short jump forward just before the penalty taker connects with the ball. This not only shuts down the angle of the shot, but also distracts the penalty taker. The method was used by Brazilian goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel. FIFA was less strict on the rule during that time. In more recent times, FIFA has advised all referees to strictly obey the rule book.
Similarly, a goalkeeper may also attempt to delay a penalty by cleaning his boots, asking the referee to see if the ball is placed properly and other delaying tactics. This method builds more pressure on the penalty taker, but the goalkeeper may risk punishments, most likely a yellow card.
A goalkeeper can also try to distract the taker by talking to them prior to the penalty being taken. Netherlands national team goalkeeper Tim Krul used this technique during the penalty shootout in the quarter-final match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup against Costa Rica. As the Costa Rican players were preparing to take the kick, Krul told them that he knew where they were going to put their penalty in order to get in their heads. This resulted in him saving two penalties and the Netherlands winning the shootout 4–3.
Under new IFAB rule changes, if the penalty taker attempts to feint or dummy the opposing goalkeeper after completing the run-up to the ball, the taker will be punished with a yellow card, and will not be allowed to retake the kick.

Scoring statistics

Even if the goalkeeper succeeds in blocking the shot, the ball may rebound back to the penalty taker or one of his teammates for another shot, with the goalkeeper often in a poor position to make a second save. This makes saving penalty kicks more difficult. This is not a concern in penalty shoot-outs, where only a single shot is permitted.
While penalty kicks are considerably more often successful than not, missed penalty kicks are not uncommon: for instance, of the 78 penalty kicks taken during the 2005–06 English Premier League season, 57 resulted in a goal, thus almost 30% of the penalties were unsuccessful.
A German professor who has been studying penalty statistics in the German Bundesliga for 16 years found 76% of all the penalties during those 16 years went in, and 99% of the shots in the higher half of the goal went in, although the higher half of the goal is a more difficult target to aim at. During his career, Italian striker Roberto Baggio had two occurrences where his shot hit the upper bar, bounced downwards, rebounded off the keeper and passed the goal line for a goal.

Saving statistics

Some goalkeepers have become well known for their ability to save penalty kicks. One such goalkeeper is Brazilian goalkeeper Diego Alves, who boasts a 49 percent save success rate. Other goalkeepers with high save rates include Claudio Bravo, Kevin Trapp, Samir Handanovic, Gianluigi Buffon, Tim Krul, Danijel Subasic, and Manuel Neuer.

Offences for which the penalty kick is awarded

A penalty kick is awarded whenever one of the following offences is committed by a player within that player's own penalty area while the ball is in play.

Early proposals

The original laws of the game, in 1863, had no punishments for infringements of the rules. In 1872, the indirect free kick was introduced as a punishment for illegal handling of the ball; it was later extended to other offences. This indirect free-kick was thought to be an inadequate remedy for a handball which prevented an otherwise-certain goal. As a result of this, in 1882 a law was introduced to award a goal to a team prevented from scoring by an opponent's handball. This law lasted only one season before being abolished in 1883.

Introduction of the penalty-kick

The invention of the penalty kick is credited to the goalkeeper and businessman William McCrum in 1890 in Milford, County Armagh, Ireland. The Irish Football Association presented the idea to the International Football Association Board's 1890 meeting, where it was deferred until the next meeting in 1891.
Two incidents in the 1890–1 season lent additional force to the argument for the penalty kick. On 20 December 1890, in the Scottish Cup quarter-final between East Stirlingshire and Heart of Midlothian Jimmy Adams fisted the ball out from under the bar, and on 14 February 1891, there was a blatant goal-line handball by a Notts County player in the FA Cup quarter-final against Stoke City
Finally after much debate, the International Football Association Board approved the idea on 2 June 1891. The penalty-kick law ran:
Some notable differences between this original 1891 law and today's penalty-kick are listed below:
The world's first penalty kick was awarded to Airdrieonians in 1891 at Broomfield Park, and the first penalty kick in the Football League was awarded to Wolverhampton Wanderers in their match against Accrington at Molineux Stadium on 14 September 1891. The penalty was taken and scored by "Billy" Heath as Wolves went on to win the game 5–0.

Subsequent developments

In 1892, the player taking the penalty-kick was forbidden to kick the ball again before the ball had touched another player. A provision was also added that "f necessary, time of play shall be extended to admit of the penalty kick being taken".
In 1896, the ball was required to be kicked forward, and the requirement for an appeal was removed.
In 1902, the penalty area was introduced with its current dimensions. The penalty spot was also introduced, from the goal. All other players were required to be outside the penalty area.
In 1905, the goal-keeper was required to remain on the goal-line.
In 1923, all other players were required to be at least from the penalty-spot. This change was made in order to stop defenders from lining up on the edge of the penalty area to impede the player taking the kick.
In 1930, a footnote was appended to the laws, stating that "the goal-keeper must not move his feet until the penalty kick has been taken".
In 1937, an arc was added to the pitch markings, to assist in the enforcement of the restriction. The goal-keeper was required to stand between the goal-posts.
In 1939, it was specified that the ball must travel the distance of its circumference before being in play. In 1997, this requirement was eliminated: the ball became in play as soon as it was kicked and moved forward. In 2016, it was specified that the ball must "clearly" move.
In 1995, all other players were required to remain behind the penalty spot. The Scottish Football Association claimed that this new provision would "eliminate various problems which have arisen regarding the position of players who stand in front of the penalty-mark at the taking of a penalty-kick as is presently permitted".
In 1997, the goal-keeper was once again allowed to move the feet, and was also required to face the kicker.
The question of "feinting" during the run-up to a penalty has occupied the International FA Board since 1982, when it decided that "if a player stops in his run-up it is an offence for which he shall be cautioned by the referee". However, in 1985 the same body reversed itself, deciding that the "assumption that feigning was an offence" was "wrong", and that it was up to the Referee to decide whether any instance should be penalized as ungentlemanly conduct. From 2000 to 2006, documents produced by IFAB specified that feinting during the run-up to a penalty-kick was permitted. In 2007, this guidance emphasized that "if in the opinion of the referee the feinting is considered an act of unsporting behaviour, the player shall be cautioned". In 2010, because of concern over "an increasing trend in players feinting a penalty kick to deceive the goalkeeper", a proposal was adopted to specify that while "feinting in the run-up to take a penalty kick to confuse opponents is permitted as part of football", "feinting to kick the ball once the player has completed his run-up is considered an infringement of Law 14 and an act of unsporting behaviour for which the player must be cautioned".

Summary

DateLocation of offenceLocation of penalty-kickPosition of goal-keeperPosition of other playersGoal-keeper may move feetTaker may kick ball twiceBall may be kicked backwardKicker may feintGoal may be scoredDate
1891Within of the goal-lineFrom any point from the goal-lineWithin of the goal-lineAt least behind the ballrowspan=6 rowspan=1 rowspan=2 Unless considered ungentlemanly behaviourrowspan=13 1891
1892Within of the goal-lineFrom any point from the goal-lineWithin of the goal-lineAt least behind the ballrowspan=12 1892-Unless considered ungentlemanly behaviour--
1896Within of the goal-lineFrom any point from the goal-lineWithin of the goal-lineAt least behind the ballrowspan=11 1896-Unless considered ungentlemanly behaviour--
1902Within the penalty areaFrom the penalty spotWithin the goal areaOutside the penalty area1902--Unless considered ungentlemanly behaviour--
1905Within the penalty areaFrom the penalty spotOn the goal lineOutside the penalty area1905--Unless considered ungentlemanly behaviour--
1923Within the penalty areaFrom the penalty spotOn the goal lineOutside the penalty area, and at least from the ball1923--Unless considered ungentlemanly behaviour--
1930Within the penalty areaFrom the penalty spotOn the goal lineOutside the penalty area, and at least from the ballrowspan=5 1930-Unless considered ungentlemanly behaviour--
1937Within the penalty areaFrom the penalty spotOn the goal line between the postsOutside the penalty area, and at least from the ball1937--Unless considered ungentlemanly behaviour--
1982Within the penalty areaFrom the penalty spotOn the goal line between the postsOutside the penalty area, and at least from the ballrowspan=1 1982----
1985Within the penalty areaFrom the penalty spotOn the goal line between the postsOutside the penalty area, and at least from the ballUnless considered ungentlemanly / unsporting behaviour1985----
1995Within the penalty areaFrom the penalty spotOn the goal line between the postsOutside the penalty area, at least from the ball, and behind the ballUnless considered ungentlemanly / unsporting behaviour1995----
1997Within the penalty areaFrom the penalty spotOn the goal line between the postsOutside the penalty area, at least from the ball, and behind the ballUnless considered ungentlemanly / unsporting behaviourrowspan=2 1997---
2010Within the penalty areaFrom the penalty spotOn the goal line between the postsOutside the penalty area, at least from the ball, and behind the ballUnless the run-up is complete2010----

Offences for which a penalty kick was awarded

Since its introduction in 1891, a penalty kick has been awarded for two broad categories of offences:
The number of offences eligible for punishment by a penalty-kick, small when initially introduced in 1891, expanded rapidly thereafter. This led to some confusion: for example, in September 1891, a referee awarded a penalty kick against a goalkeeper who " his temper and an opponent", even though under the 1891 laws this offence was punishable only by an indirect free-kick.
The table below shows the punishments specified by the laws for offences involving handling the ball or physical contact, between 1890 and 1903:
DateHandballTrippingPushingHoldingKicking a playerJumping at a playerCharging from behindTechnical handling violations by the goalkeeperDangerous playDate
1890Indirect free-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickNot prohibited1890
1891Indirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickNot prohibited1891
1893Indirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kick1893
1897Indirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kick1897
1901Indirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kick1901
1902Indirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kick1902
1903Direct free-kick / Penalty-kickDirect free-kick / Penalty-kickDirect free-kick / Penalty-kickDirect free-kick / Penalty-kickDirect free-kick / Penalty-kickDirect free-kick / Penalty-kickDirect free-kick / Penalty-kickIndirect free-kickIndirect free-kick1903

Since 1903, the offences for which a penalty kick is awarded within the defending team's penalty area have been identical to those for which a direct free kick is awarded outside the defending team's penalty area. These consisted of handball, and foul play, with the following exceptions :