Pan Twardowski, in Polish folklore and literature, is a sorcerer who made a deal with the Devil. Pan Twardowski sold his soul in exchange for special powers - such as summoning up the spirit of PolishKing Sigismund Augustus' deceased wife - but he eventually met a tragic fate. The tale of Pan Twardowski exists in various diverging versions and forms the basis for many works of fiction, including one by Adam Mickiewicz.
Legend
According to an old legend, Twardowski was a nobleman who lived in Kraków in the 16th century. He sold his soul to the devil in exchange for great knowledge and magical powers. However, Twardowski wanted to outwit the devil by including a special clause in the contract, stating that the devil could only take Twardowski's soul to Hell during his visit to Rome - a place the sorcerer never intended to go. Other variants of the story have Twardowski being sold to the devil as a child by his father. With the devil's aid, Twardowski quickly rose to wealth and fame, eventually becoming a courtier of King Sigismund Augustus, who sought consolation in magic and astrologyafter the death of his beloved wife, Barbara Radziwiłł. He was said to have summonedthe ghost of the late queen to comfort the grieving king, using a magic mirror. The sorcerer also wrote two books, both dictated to him by the devil - a book on magic and an encyclopedia. After years of evading his fate, Twardowski was eventually tricked by the devil and caught not in the city, but at an inn called Rzym. While being spirited away, Twardowski started to pray to the Virgin Mary, who made the devil drop his victim midway to Hell. Twardowski fell on the Moon where he lives to this day. His only companion is his sidekick whom he once turned into a spider; from time to time Twardowski lets the spider descend to Earth on a thread and bring him news from the world below.
Historical Twardowski
Some German historians have suggested that Twardowski may have been a German nobleman who was born in Nuremberg and studied in Wittenberg before coming to Kraków. His speculative name Laurentius Dhur was Latinised to Durus and in turn rendered as Twardowski in Polish; durus and twardy mean "hard" in Latin and Polish respectively. There is also some speculation that this legend was inspired by the life of either John Dee or his associate Edward Kelley, both of whom lived in Kraków for a time. The title Pan, used as a universal honorific and polite form of address in modern Polish, was reserved for members of nobility at the time the tale developed and was roughly equivalent to the English Sir. Twardowski's forename is sometimes given as Jan, although most versions of his tale do not mention a forename at all. This, however, may have resulted as a confusion between Pan Twardowski and a Polish Catholic priest writer, Jan Twardowski.
The legend of Pan Twardowski inspired a great number of Polish, Ukrainian, Russian and German poets, novelists, composers, directors and other artists. One of the best known literary works featuring Pan Twardowski is the humorous balladPani Twardowska by Adam Mickiewicz. In this version of the story, Twardowski agrees to be taken to Hell on the condition that the devil spends one year living with his wife, Pani Twardowska. The devil, however, prefers to run away and thus Pan Twardowski is saved. Stanisław Moniuszko wrote music for the ballad in 1869. Other works based on the legend include:
', an expansion to RPG game', has a main storyline heavily inspired by the legend.
Pan Twardowski is also a popular character in the folk art of the Kraków region. He may be found, for example, in some of the famous Cracovian cribs. He is typically depicted as a Polish noble either riding a rooster or standing on the Moon.
Places associated with Pan Twardowski
Pan Twardowski is said to have lived in or near Kraków, the capital of Poland at the time. Different places in Kraków claim to be the exact location of Twardowski's house. The sorcerer might have lived either somewhere in the city center, near the Rynek Główny or Ulica Grodzka, or across the River Vistula in the village of Krzemionki. Across Poland, there are a number of inns and pubs called Rzym, all of which claim to be the one where Pan Twardowski met the devil. The oldest of these inns date back to only the late 17th century, about 100 years after Twardowski's time. The one in Sucha is probably the best known of these inns. In the sacristy of a church inWęgrów, hangs a polished metal plate claimed to be the magic mirror which once belonged to Pan Twardowski. According to a legend, it was possible to see future events reflected in the mirror until it was broken in 1812 by Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte of France when he saw in it his future retreat from Russia and collapse of his empire. It is also said that Pan Twardowski spent some time in the city ofBydgoszcz, where, in his memory, a figure was recently mounted in a window of a tenement, overseeing the Old Town. At 1:13 p.m. and 9:13 p.m. the window opens and Pan Twardowski appears, to the accompaniment of weird music and devilish laughter. He takes a bow, waves his hand, and then disappears. This little show gathers crowds of amused spectators.
