Otto Reich
Otto Juan Reich, is an American diplomat and lobbyist who worked in the administrations of Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush. Reich was born in Cuba; his family moved to North Carolina when he was fifteen. He graduated from University of North Carolina in 1966, and after a brief stint in the US Army, received a Master's degree from Georgetown University in 1973. After graduating, Reich worked for the state and federal governments in Florida and Washington, D.C..
In 1983 Reich began leading the Office of Public Diplomacy, which he helped establish. The OPD sought to promote the Contra guerillas in Nicaragua, through techniques described by the Comptroller General as "prohibited, covert propaganda". Reich, described as "chief spinner" of the effort by journalist Ann Bardach, was not accused of illegal activity. The OPD was shut down after the Iran-Contra affair in 1987. Reich served as the Ambassador to Venezuela from 1986 to 1989, and subsequently worked as a corporate lobbyist for twelve years.
Reich was nominated by George W. Bush to be Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs in 2001. The Senate did not allow confirmation hearings, citing Reich's role in the Iran-Contra affair, and his advocacy as ambassador for Orlando Bosch, then imprisoned in Venezuela on suspicion of bombing Cubana de Aviación Flight 455. Bush made a recess appointment, allowing Reich to hold the position for one year without confirmation. He was subsequently appointed "special envoy to Latin America". He resigned from the Bush administration in 2004, and has since run a consulting firm, and advised Republican presidential candidates.
Early life and education
Otto Reich was born in Cuba to a Cuban Catholic mother and an Austrian-Jewish father, Walter Reich. His father, who fled Nazi Germany in 1938, traveled to Cuba with the intention of continuing on to the United States. In Havana, he met and married a Cuban woman, and began selling furniture. By 1945, most of William's family had been killed in the holocaust. According to the New York Times, his father's experiences in Nazi Germany made the elder Reich "immediately suspicious of Castro, prompting him to flee with his family to North Carolina in 1960, when Otto was 15.In 1966, Reich received a B.A. in International Studies from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He then spent two years in the US Army, from 1967 to 1969, as a paratroop officer in the 3rd Civil Affairs Detachment stationed in the Panama Canal Zone. He received an M.A. in Latin American Studies from Georgetown University in 1973.
Career
After receiving his Master's degree, Reich began working as an international representative for the Florida Department of Commerce, the first position he held in government. He also worked as a staff assistant in the U.S. House of Representatives, as a Community Development Coordinator for the City of Miami, and later Washington Director of the Council of the Americas. Reich was Assistant Administrator of the US Agency for International Development in charge of US economic assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean between 1981 and 1983, when he first worked for the administration of Ronald Reagan.Office of Public Diplomacy
From 1983 to 1986, Reich established and managed the inter-agency Office of Public Diplomacy for Latin America and the Caribbean, which sought to promote the Contra guerillas in Nicaragua. Reich managed a staff composed of officials from the Central Intelligence Agency and The Pentagon, including personnel trained in psychological warfare. Reich reported to Oliver North, who then worked at the National Security Council, although the office itself was under the State Department.The OPD sent false information to the US media, such as a claim that the Nicaraguan government was involved with drug traficking. It also wrote opinion pieces in mainstram US newspapers, authored by fictitious Nicaraguan rebel leaders, attacking opponents of Reagan's foreign policy. While heading this office, Reich also once demanded a meeeting with staff of the National Public Radio, after NPR reported on a massacre of civilians carried out by the Contras, and warned the staff that their reports were being monitored. Reich also confronted journalists at CBS News after the network aired a documentary about El Salvador that, according to Reich's superior George Shultz, favored the country's guerillas over the US-supported government.
Reich's position drew him into the Iran-Contra affair. A House Foreign Affairs Committee report characterized the OPD as a domestic political and propaganda operation, while the Comptroller General of the United States described the office as having engaged in "engaged in prohibited, covert propaganda activities." A 1987 Congressional committee investigating the Iran-Contra affair stated that the OPD had encouraged "′white propaganda′: pro-Contra newspaper articles by paid consultants who did not disclose their connection to the Administration." The Comptroller General also determined that the OPD violated rules placed on the State Department's use of funds.
The OPD was shut down in 1987 after the investigation. Reich himself, described as the "chief spinner" of the Iran-Contra effort by journalist Ann Bardach, was not accused of illegal activity. Reich said that the Comptroller General report was flawed and called the investigation into Iran-Contra an "inquisition." A spokesperson for Reich also denied the operation involving Op-Eds, described in a declassified memorandum from one of Reich's subordinates to Patrick Buchanan, then the communications director for the Reagan White House.
Ambassadorship and lobbying career
Reich served as the US Ambassador to Venezuela between 1986 and 1989. In that position he lobbied the US government to press for the release of Orlando Bosch, a Cuban exile militant then being held in Venezuela under suspicion of organizing the bombing of Cubana de Aviación Flight 455. Reich argued both that Bosch was innocent, and that his safety was threatened. After Bosch's acquittal and release in 1986, Reich asked his superiors on multiple occasions for permission to grant Bosch a visa, but was denied. Reich subsequently denied taking a special interest in Bosch's situation. In 1989, Reich received the State Department's "Exemplary Service Award". Reich maintained good relations with the government of Jaime Lusinchi, and received the Order of the Liberator, Venezuela's highest honor, from him.From 1989 to 2001, Reich worked as a corporate lobbyist, for clients that included Bell Atlantic, McDonnell Douglas, AT&T, and British American Tobacco. In 2001, he was President of RMA International, a lobbying and consulting company. In this role, he helped the rum company Bacardi, which wanted to revoke Cuba's trademark protection, so that it could use a familiar Cuban brand name. Bacardi's efforts met success with the passage of the Helms–Burton Act in 1996, which tightened the US embargo against Cuba. Reich helped author the act. Reich was also involved with an effort by Lockheed-Martin to seel F-16 jet fighters to Chile, which would have been the first time in twenty years that advanced weapons had been sold by the US to Latin American countries. In 1991 and 1992, at the request of President George H. W. Bush, Reich also served as Deputy US Representative to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in Geneva. From 1998 to 2001, Reich was co-host of CNN International's Choque de Opiniones, a Spanish-language version of CNN's Crossfire, on which he represented the right-wing position.
Assistant secretary of state
In 2001, President George W. Bush nominated Reich to be Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, the top State Department post for Latin America. The nomination was made at the recommendation of his brother, Jeb Bush. The Senate, however, did not allow confirmation hearings, and the appointment resulted in controversy. Opponents to Reich's nomination cited his advocacy as ambassador to Venezuela for Bosch, subsequently described by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Department of Justice as a terrorist, and his role in the Iran-Contra scandal. After the nomination process had lasted for nearly a year, Bush made a recess appointment, allowing Reich to remain in office for a year without being confirmed by the Senate. Reich was sworn in in January 2002.Reich held the post of Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs at the time of the Venezuelan coup d'état on April 11, 2002, that briefly overthrew President Hugo Chávez. During the coup, Reich spoke to coup leader Pedro Carmona Estanga, who replaced Chávez as president, and urge him not to shut down the National Assembly. Reich also spoke to ambassadors of other Latin American countries hours after the coup, telling that Chávez had resigned, and asked them to support the new government. Carmona nonetheless dissolved both the Assembly and the Supreme Court, leading to a popular uprising that toppled the coup government and returned Chávez to the presidency. After Chávez was returned to power, the US supported a resolution issued by the Organization of American States condemning the coup, but the incident led to a perception among Latin American countries that the US had played a role in it, and led to concerns over Reich's appointment.
Later career
Reich's year-long term as Assistant Secretary of State was scheduled to end in December 2002. Reich was replaced at the State Department by his former deputy, and became special envoy to Latin America, which was a position that did not require confirmation by the Senate. Reich resigned from the Bush administration in June 2004, citing "personal and financial reasons."During the 2008 US Presidential elections, Reich served as a foreign-policy adviser to John McCain. During the 2012 election campaign, Reich was a spokesman for the Romney campaign. Reich also served as a foreign policy advisor to Jeb Bush during the latter's 2016 presidential campaign. Reich currently runs a Washington, DC-based business consultancy, Otto Reich & Associates. Reich also served as vice-chairman of Worldwide Responsible Apparel Production.