Old Melbourne Gaol


The Old Melbourne Gaol is a former jail and current museum on Russell Street, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It consists of a bluestone building and courtyard, and is located next to the old City Police Watch House and City Courts buildings. It was first constructed starting in 1839, and during its operation as a prison between 1842 and 1929, it held and executed some of Australia's most notorious criminals, including bushranger Ned Kelly and serial killer Frederick Bailey Deeming. In total, 135 people were executed by hanging. Though it was used briefly during World War II, it formally ceased operating as a prison in 1924; with parts of the jail being incorporated into the RMIT University, and the rest becoming a museum.
The three-storey museum displays information and memorabilia of the prisoners and staff, including death masks of the executed criminals. At one time the museum displayed what was believed at the time to be Ned Kelly's skull, before it was stolen in 1978; as well as the pencil used by wrongly convicted Colin Campbell Ross to protest his innocence in writing, before being executed.

History

An allotment of scrubland to the north-east of Melbourne was selected as Port Phillips first permanent gaol. On 1 January 1838, George Wintle was appointed to be gaoler at the prison at £100 a year; with the site becoming colloquially known as Wintle's Hotel. Construction of the gaol started in 1839–1840 on Collins Street West, but it was considered too small at the time. A second gaol was then built between 1841 and 1844 at the corner of Russell and La Trobe Streets, adjoining the then Supreme Court. The first cell block was opened for prisoners in 1845, but the facilities were considered inadequate; escapes occurring frequently. The gaol was already crowded by 1850.
With the discovery of gold in 1851, and the resulting influx of population, law and order became more difficult to maintain. Subsequently, a new wing, with its own perimeter wall, was constructed between 1852 and 1854; the building using bluestone instead of sandstone. The design was based on that of British prison engineer Joshua Jebb, and especially the designs for the Pentonville Model Prison in London. The new wing was extended in between 1857 and 1859, with the boundary wall also being extended during this time. In 1860, a new north wing was built; which included entrance buildings, a central hall and chapel. Between 1862 and 1864, a cell block was built for female prisoners on the western side – it was basically a replica of the present east block. In 1864, the perimeter wall, and the gaol overall, was completed; making it a dominant feature of authority on the Melbourne skyline.
At its completion, the prison occupied an entire city block, and included exercise yards, a hospital in one of the yards, a chapel, a bath house and staff accommodation. A house for the chief warders was built on the corner of Franklin and Russell streets, and 17 homes were built for gaolers on Swanston street in 1860. Artefacts recovered from the area indicate that even the gaolers and their families lived within the gaol walls in the 1850s and 1860s.

Operation

Much of daily life inside the gaol could be gleaned from sources such as diaries written by John Castieau, governor of the gaol between 1869 and 1884. During its operation, the gaol was used to house short-term prisoners, lunatics and some of the colony’s most notorious and hardened criminals. It also housed up to twenty children at a time – including those imprisoned for petty theft or vagrancy, or simply those staying with a convicted parent. Babies under twelve months old were allowed to be with their mothers. The youngest prisoner was recorded as three-year-old Michael Crimmins, who spent 6 months in the prison in 1857 for being idle and disorderly. In 1851, the 13- and 14-year-old O'Dowd sisters were imprisoned because they had nowhere else to go.
Prisoners convicted of serious crimes, such as murder, arson, burglary, rape and shooting, would begin their time on the ground floor with a time of solitary confinement. They were also forbidden from communicating with other prisoners, which was strictly enforced by the usage of a silence mask, or calico hood, when outside their cells. They would only be given a single hour of solitary exercise a day, with the remaining 23 hours spent in their cells. Inside the cells, prisoners would be able to lie on a thin mattress over the slate floors. They could only bathe and change clothes once a week, and attend the chapel on Sundays. Prisoners might only have been allowed to finally socialise with other prisoners towards the end of their sentences.
The routine for prisoners was regulated by a system of bells, and enforced by punishments; prisoners who obeyed the rules would be promoted to the second floor – whereby they would be allowed to work in the yards everyday. Male prisoners would perform hard labour – including breaking rocks, and other duties in the stone quarries, while women would sew, clean and cook. Women would also make shirts and waistcoats for male prisoners, as well as act as domestic servants for the governor and his family. Prisoners who had become trusted, those nearing the completion of their sentence, and debtors, were housed on the third floor communal cells. These top level cells were large, and held up to six prisoners at time; and were mostly reserved to prisoners convicted of minor crimes such as drunkenness, vagrancy, prostitution or petty theft.

Executions

During its operation, the gaol was the setting for 135 hangings. The gallows occupied several different sites within the gaol. A free-standing scaffold was used for early executions, initially outside the main gate and later in one of the yards; for a triple hanging in 1864 it was erected just inside the main gate complex. Diarist Charles Evans witnessed the aftermath of the 1853 triple hanging of bushrangers William Atkins, George Wilson and George Melville:
After 1864 a fixed gallows was installed below the octagon across the main axis of the prison block, against the wall dividing the male block from the female block. It comprised a single-leaf trap cut into the metal walkway, with iron sockets in either wall above, into which the beam was placed for each hanging. It was later moved a few metres to a side gallery below the octagon, where it remains today. The most infamous was that of bushranger Ned Kelly at the age of 25, on 11 November 1880. After a two-day trial, Kelly was convicted of killing a police officer. As stated by law at the time, executed prisoners were buried in unmarked graves in the gaol burial yard. Before burial, a death mask was produced from the executed prisoners head as part of the phrenological study of hanged felons. Historian and associate professor of Wollongong University John McQuilton states that the lack of monitoring for burial processes was odd, given Victorian society's normally brilliant attention to detail.
The first hanging of a woman in Victoria, Elizabeth Scott, was performed in the prison on 11 November 1863 – along with her co-accused, Julian Cross and David Gedge. The last person to be executed was Angus Murray in 1924, the same year the gaol was closed.

Ned Kelly

Edward "Ned" Kelly, born sometime between June 1854 and June 1855, was an Irish-Australian bushranger, and was seen by some as merely a cold-blooded killer, while to others he was a folk hero for his defiance of the colonial authorities. As a youth he clashed with the Victoria Police, and after an incident at his home in 1878, police parties searched for him in the bush. He killed three policemen, and subsequently the colony proclaimed Kelly and his gang wanted outlaws. A final violent confrontation with police took place at Glenrowan on 28 June 1880. Kelly, dressed in a home-made plate metal armour and helmet, was captured and sent to gaol. He was hanged for murder at the Old Melbourne Gaol in November 1880. His notoriety affirmed him as a polarising iconic figure in Australian history, folk lore, literature, art and film.

Colin Campbell Ross

Colin Campbell Ross, an Australian wine-bar owner, was wrongly convicted of the rape and murder of 12-year-old Alma Tirtschke in December 1921. The case, dubbed the Gun Alley Murder, was heavily influenced by public hysteria at the time, which ultimately served to condemn him. Despite his pleas of innocence, he was executed by hanging in the gaol in April 1922. A new four-strand rope was used for the first time at the execution, and proved to be a failure; Ross slowly strangled for more than forty minutes before his death. A prison report later ruled that such a rope must never be used again. He was posthumously pardoned on 27 May 2008.

Frederick Bailey Deeming

Frederick Bailey Deeming was born on 30 July 1853. At 16 years of age he ran away to sea, and thereafter, he began a long career of crime, largely thieving and obtaining money under false pretences. He was responsible for the murder of his first wife Marie, and his four children, at Rainhill, England, on or about 26 July 1891, and a second wife, Emily, at Windsor, Melbourne, on 24 December 1891. Less than three months elapsed between the discovery of Emily Mather's body in Windsor, Melbourne, in March 1892, and Deeming's execution at the Old Melbourne Gaol for her murder in May 1892; a remarkably short time by comparison to modern western legal standards. After his execution, it was reported that over 12,000 people cheered on the streets outside, and there was public speculation that Deeming was in fact Jack the Ripper.

Maulboyheener and Tunnerminnerwait

"Tragically two of these men, Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner, became the first people executed in the Port Phillip District. This took place in 1842, a mere seven years after John Batman's fraudulent treaty with the Kuhn people, when the two Tasmanian Aboriginal men were publicly hanged for murder." The Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner exists at the place of execution. The website contains historical research and information on the artists commissioned for the marker, Artist Brook Andrew, along with Trent Walter.
"Two Tasmanian Aboriginal men, clad in white pyjamas, went to their deaths on a makeshift gallows in Melbourne in 1842. The contemporaneous executions were apparently quite a spectacle: one man, Maulboyheenner, twisting on the rope, strangled slowly in front of a crowd of 5000. They had been convicted of killing two whalers in Western Port. Both the Tasmanians and the whalers - one was called the Yankee - were a long way from home." They were arrested at Powlett River.

Executions

NameYear bornExecution dateCrime
Maulboyheenner 20 January 1842 Murder
Tunnerminnerwait 20 January 1842 Murder
Charles Ellis20 June 1842 Shooting with intent to murder
Martin Fogarty20 June 1842 Shooting with intent to murder
Daniel Jepps20 June 1842 Shooting with intent to murder
Alkapareet 5 September 1842 Murder
Jeremiah Connell27 January 1847 Murder
Bobby 30 April 1847 Murder
Ptolemy 30 April 1847 Murder
John Healey29 November 1847 Murder
Augustus Dancey 1 August 1848 Murder
Patrick Kennedy1 October 1851 Murder
James Barlow22 May 1852 Murder
John Riches3 November 1852 Murder
George Pinkerton4 April 1853 Murder
Aaron Durrant11 July 1853 Robbery
John Smith23 August 1853 Robbery
Henry Turner23 August 1853 Robbery
William Atkins3 October 1853 Robbery under arms
George Wilson3 October 1853Robbery under arms
George Melville3 October 1853Robbery under arms
Patrick O'Connor24 October 1853Attempted murder
Henry Bradley24 October 1853Attempted murder
Michael Finnessy25 October 1853Murder
Alexander Ram25 October 1853Murder
John Smith23 November 1853Rape
Joseph West27 December 1853Rape
James Button28 March 1854Shooting with intent
David Magee25 April 1854Murder
William Thoroughgood23 May 1854Rape
John Hughes25 September 1854Murder
James McAlister23 July 1855Murder
James Condon 24 November 1855Robbery
John Dixon24 November 1855Robbery
Alfred Henry Jackson24 November 1855Robbery
William Twiggem18242 March 1857Murder
Chu-a-Luk18272 March 1857Murder
James Cornick16 March 1857Murder
Frederick Turner27 April 1857Robbery
Thomas Williams28 April 1857Murder
Henry Smith 28 April 1857Murder
Thomas Maloney28 April 1857Murder
Francis Brannigan29 April 1857Murder
William Brown29 April 1857Murder
Richard Bryant29 April 1857Murder
John Chisley30 April 1857Murder
James Woodlock1 June 1857Murder
Chong Sigh3 September 1857Murder
Hing Tzan3 September 1857Murder
John Mason6 November 1857Murder
Edward Brown1 March 1958Murder
William Jones1 March 1958Murder
Samuel Gibbs12 November 1858Murder
George Thompson12 November 1858Murder
Edward Hitchcock29 November 1858Murder
Christian Von Sie 29 November 1858Murder
Thomas Ryan11 April 1859Murder
William Armstrong11 April 1859Shooting with intent
George Chamberlain11 April 1859Shooting with intent
Richard Rowley26 July 1859Violent Assault
William Siddons7 November 1859Rape
George Waines16 July 1860Murder
Edward Fenlow 20 August 1860Murder
John McDonald30 September 1860Murder
William Smith22 April 1861Murder
Henry Cooley11 July 1861Murder
Nathaniel Horatio Ruby5 August 1861Murder
Martin Rice30 September 1861Murder
Thomas Sanders31 October 1861Rape
Samuel Pollett29 December 1862Rape
Thomas McGee19 February 1863Murder
Julian Cross11 November 1863Murder
David Gedge184411 November 1863Murder
Elizabeth Scott184011 November 1863Murder
James Barrett1 December 1863Murder
Christopher Harrison18093 August 1864Murder
William Carver18243 August 1864Robbery under arms
Samuel Woods18233 August 1864Robbery under arms
John Stacey5 April 1865Murder
Joseph Brown5 May 1865Murder
Peter Dotsalaere6 July 1865Murder
Robert Bourke184129 November 1866Murder
Bernard Cunningham31 March 1868Murder
Joseph Whelan31 March 1868Murder
Michael Flannigan183331 March 1869Murder
James Ritson3 August 1869Murder
Patrick Smith4 August 1870Murder
James Cusack30 August 1870Murder
James Seery14 November 1870Murder
Patrick Geary4 December 1871Murder
Edward Feeney14 May 1872Murder
An Gaa30 August 1875Murder
Henry Howard4 October 1875Murder
John Taylor 18306 December 1875Attempted murder
Basilo Bondietto11 December 1876Murder
William Hastings14 March 1877Murder
Ned Kelly185411 November 1880Murder
James Hawthorn21 August 1884Murder
William O'Brien24 October 1884Murder
William Barnes15 May 1885Murder
Freeland Morell18476 January 1886Murder
George Symes8 November 1888Murder
Filipe Castillo186916 September 1889Murder
Robert Landells183716 October 1889Murder
John Thomas Phelan186116 March 1891Murder
John Wilson186823 March 1891Murder
Frank Spearin 11 May 1891Rape
William Coulston24 August 1891Murder
Frederick Deeming23 May 1892Murder
John Conder28 August 1893Murder
Frances Lydia Alice Knorr186715 January 1894Murder
Ernest Knox187319 March 1894Murder
Frederick Jordan186420 August 1894Murder
Martha Needle186422 October 1894Murder
Arthur Buck18681 July 1895Murder
Emma Williams4 November 1895Murder
Charles Strange187413 January 1896Murder
Alfred Archer186621 November 1898Murder
William Robert Jones26 March 1900Murder
Albert Edward McNamara14 April 1902Arson causing death
August Tisler20 October 1902Murder
James Coleman Williams18858 September 1904Murder
Joseph Victor Pfeiffer29 April 1912Murder
John Jackson24 January 1916Murder
Antonio Picone18 September 1916Murder
Albert Budd29 January 1918Murder
Arthur Geoffrey Oldring15 April 1918Murder
George Farrow Blunderfield15 April 1918Murder
Colin Campbell Ross189224 April 1922Murder – pardoned in 2008
Angus Murray188214 April 1924Murder

Closure and re-opening

In 1870, a review of the penal system was conducted, with the recommendation being made to close the gaol and relocate prisoners to more suitable locations. The gaol gradually slowed its operations, and demolished portions of the original site between 1880 and 1924.
In 1924, the gaol was finally closed. However, in March 1927, the Old Melbourne Gaol was integrated into part of the new Emily McPherson College, and was used for educational purposes. This necessitated changes to the prison; in 1929, despite poor record keeping of prisoner burials, historical evidence suggested the remains of approximately 32 executed prisoners, including Ned Kelly, were exhumed from the Old Melbourne Gaol and buried at mass graves in a quarry at Pentridge. In 1930, the women's cell block, walls and several other buildings were demolished, and a further four coffins were believed to have been moved to Pentridge in 1937.
As the Gaol was progressively decommissioned, the building's fabric, including bluestone grave markers of executed prisoners, was incorporated into a sea wall at Brighton in Victoria in the 1930s. The grave marker for Martha Needle, executed in 1894, has recently been rediscovered after being buried by metres of sand.
During World War II, the gaol was used as a military prison for soldiers found to be absent without leave. A new wall was built in the eastern courtyard during this time, so that cell block inmates were separated from the college girls. After the end of the war, the section used for holding prisoners was then used only as a storage facility for the Victoria Police Force, whose headquarters were nearby in Russell Street.
In May 1974, the sections used by the school were remodelled by architects Eggleston, McDonald and Secomb, to act as the schools food and fashion departments. The Emily McPherson College was merged into RMIT University in 1979, bringing the gaol entrance gates, and other facilities alongside it. In 1990, RMIT performed work to restore the enclosed balcony to its former 1927 design. In 1994, RMIT performed further work to landscape the inner courtyard, and in 1995, removed the temporary war-time pavilion classrooms. , the sections that RMIT owns are collectively known as the "RMIT Building 11. Architect: Colonial Government Architect", and include the entrance block and chapel; with the bath house and chapel serving as art studios.

Museum

In 1957, the National Trust of Australia listed the Old Melbourne Gaol on its heritage register, and a year later marked it as a site that needed to be preserved at all costs. Furthermore, in 1965, the Melbourne Junior Chamber of Commerce floated the idea of converting it into a museum, for the purposes of tourism. In 1972, the gaol was reopened as a public museum, under the management of the National Trust of Australia.
, the gaol is recognised as Victoria's oldest surviving penal establishment, and attracts approximately 140,000 visitors per year. The cells have been filled with information about individual prisoners, which also serve to illustrate the history of Melbourne itself.
In addition to historical information, it also includes various memorabilia; including death masks, an iron mask, and a pair of leather gloves designed to prevent inmates from practising self-abuse. Notably, it still includes Ned Kelly's death mask, pistol and replica of his suit of armour. In addition, the gaol had previously displayed the pencil used by Colin Ross to write a letter protesting his innocence, which he threw over the prison walls.
Operators also run several features, including the candlelit Hangman's Night Tour, and the daily Watch House Experience; an interactive performance in which visitors are treated as the prisoners would have been during its operation. In 2010, the Old Melbourne Gaol Crime and Justice Experience won the heritage and cultural tourism category at the Qantas Australian Tourism Awards in Hobart.

Ned Kelly's skull

A skull, believed to be Ned Kelly's, was on display in the museum until it was stolen from a glass cabinet in 1978. Efforts have been taken by scientists and the government to determine the location of the skull, and whether it was authentic to begin with; it was reported that members of the public may have the remains of bones and teeth taken as souvenirs when graves were exhumed in 1929. Special interest was directed to finding a photograph of former South Melbourne councillor Alex Talbot holding Ned Kelly's skull, and information on grave exhume contractor Lee of Lee and Dunn, or his family, who was tasked with delivering Kelly's skull to the governor.
In 2009, West Australian farmer Tom Baxter handed a skull to authorities, arguing that it was the one stolen from the gaol – while refusing to explain how he obtained it. Former relocated man prison chaplain Father Peter Norden has stated that he believed the skull handed in could not belong to Kelly, and that it probably belonged to a woman. In 2010, there was further speculation that the skull actually belonged to Frederick Bailey Deeming, with the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine claiming that the skull is similar to both Kelly's and Deeming's death masks.