Old Georgian


Old Georgian was a literary language of the Georgian monarchies attested from the 5th century. The language remains in use as the liturgical language of the Georgian Orthodox Church and for the most part is still intelligible. Spoken Old Georgian gave way to what is classified as Middle Georgian in the 11th century, which in turn developed into the modern Georgian language in the 18th century.

Periodization

Two periods are distinguished within Old Georgian: Early Old Georgian and Classical Old Georgian. Two different dialects are represented in Early Old Georgian, known as Khanmet’i and Haemet’i. They are so named after the presence of a second person subject prefix and a third person object prefix kh- or h- in the verbal morphology where Classical Old Georgian has h-, s- or zero.

Texts

The corpus of Early Old Georgian texts is limited in size, consisting of a dozen inscriptions and eight manuscripts containing religious texts. The literature in Classical Old Georgian has a wider scope, including philosophical and historiographical works.

Phoneme inventory

Old Georgian had 29 phonemic consonants and 5 phonemic vowels. The native spelling also distinguishes the semivowel y, which is an allophone of the vowel i in postvocalic position.
LabialDental/
Alveolar		Alveo-
palatal		VelarUvularGlottal
Voiceless aspirated stopp t k q
Voiceless glottalized stopp’ t’ k’ q’
Voiced stopbdg
Voiceless aspirated affricatets ch
Voiceless glottalized affricatets’ ch’
Voiced affricatedzj
Voiceless fricativessh kh h
Voiced fricativezzh gh
Nasalmn
Trillr
Laterall
Semivowelwy

FrontCentralBack
Highiu
Mideo
Lowa

Script

Old Georgian was written in its own alphabetic script, known as Asomtavruli "capital letters" or Mrglovani "rounded". The alphabet is very nearly phonemic, showing an excellent "fit" between phonemes and graphemes. It is clearly modelled on the Greek alphabet, showing basically the same alphabetic order, and with letters representing non-Greek phonemes gathered at the end. Apart from letters for nearly all Georgian phonemes, the alphabet also contains three letters representing Greek phonemes not found in Georgian. Most individual letters seem to be entirely independent designs, with only a few based directly on their Greek counterparts.
GreekΑΒΓΔΕϜΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΟΠΡ
AsomtavruliႠႡႢႣႤႥႦჁႧႨႩႪႫႬჂႭႮႯႰ
Transliterationabgdevzētik’lmnyop’zhr
---------
GreekΣΤΥΦΧ–––––––––––Ω
AsomtavruliႱႲჃႴႵႶႷႸႹႺႻႼႽႾჄႿჀჅ
Transliterationst’üpkghq’shchtsdzts’ch’khqjhō

Orthography

Old Georgian orthography is quite consistent, in the sense that the same word is usually written in the same way in all instances. Spelling is nearly phonemic, with almost all phonemes exclusively represented by a single letter. The exceptions are described below.
;Vowel u
The most conspicuous exception to the rule that each phoneme is written with its own letter is the vowel u, which is consistently written with the digraph ႭჃ 〈oü〉, for example ႮႭჃႰႨ 〈p’oüri〉 p’uri "bread". This usage was evidently adopted from Greek spelling, which writes u as ου. In the later Nuskhuri script, the original digraph ⴍⴣ 〈oü〉 merged into a single letter ⴓ 〈u〉. A matching Asomtavruli single-letter counterpart Ⴓ was then devised; this letter was not part of the original alphabet, and was not used in the Old Georgian period.
; Semivowel w
The semivowel w is written in two ways, depending on its position within the word. When it occurs directly after a consonant, it is written with the digraph ႭჃ 〈oü〉, for example ႹႭჃႤႬ 〈choüen〉 chwen "we", ႢႭჃႰႨႲႨ 〈goürit’i〉 gwrit’i "turtledove". The digraph ႭჃ 〈oü〉 thus represents both w and u, without differentiation in the spelling, for example ႵႭჃႧႨ 〈khoüti〉 khuti "five" vs. ႤႵႭჃႱႨ 〈ekoüsi〉 ekwsi "six".
In all other positions, w is written with the letter Ⴅ 〈v〉, for example ႧႭႥႪႨ 〈tovli〉 towli "snow", ႥႤႪႨ 〈veli〉 weli "field", ႩႠႰႠႥႨ 〈k’aravi〉 k’arawi "tent".
The two spellings of w clearly represent an allophonic variation like the one described for modern Georgian, between in postconsonantal position and or in other positions. In modern Georgian spelling, both and are consistently written with ვ 〈v〉, and spellings with Ⴅ 〈v〉 instead of the expected ჃႭ 〈oü〉 are already found in Old Georgian.
;Semivowel y
The initial vowel i- of a case suffix is realized as y- after a vowel, and this allophonic y has its own letter in the alphabet, for example ႣႤႣႠჂ ႨႤႱႭჃჂႱႠ 〈deday iesoüysa〉 deda-y iesu-ysa, phonemically /deda-i iesu-isa/ "the mother of Jesus".
;The "Greek" letters
The Asomtavruli alphabet contains three letters which are not needed for the writing of native words: Ⴡ 〈ē〉, Ⴣ 〈ü〉 and Ⴥ 〈ō〉. These were added to the alphabet in order to make possible a letter-for-letter transliteration of Greek names and loanwords. They were indeed occasionally used to write the Greek vowels ē, ü and ō. As these vowels are alien to Georgian, they were replaced in actual pronunciation by ey, wi and ow respectively, as can be deduced from old variant spellings, and from corresponding modern forms. For example, Greek Αἴγυπτος is written ႤႢჃႮႲႤ 〈egüp’t’e〉 egwip’t’e "Egypt".
In native words, the letter Ⴥ 〈ō〉 was mainly used to write the vocative particle, for example Ⴥ ႣႤႣႨႩႠႺႭ 〈ō dedik’atso〉 o dedik’atso "o woman!"
The letters Ⴡ 〈ē〉 and Ⴣ 〈ü〉 on the other hand were frequently used in the spelling of native words, as a short-hand way of representing the sequences ey and wi, for example ႫႤႴჁ 〈mepē〉 mepey "king", ႶჃႬႭჂ 〈ghünoy〉 ghwinoy "wine". Spelling can thus vary within a paradigm, for example ႱႨႲႷႭჃႠჂ 〈sit’q’oüay〉 sit’q’wa-y "word" vs. ႱႨႲႷჃႱႠ 〈sit’q’üsa〉 sit’q’w-isa. The sequences ey and wi could also be written out in full however, for example ႫႤႴႤჂ 〈mepey〉 mepey, ႶႭჃႨႬႭჂ 〈ghoüinoy〉 ghwinoy "wine".