Nonagon


In geometry, a nonagon or enneagon is a nine-sided polygon or 9-gon.
The name nonagon is a prefix hybrid formation, from Latin, used equivalently, attested already in the 16th century in French nonogone and in English from the 17th century. The name enneagon comes from Greek enneagonon, and is arguably more correct, though less common than "nonagon".

Regular nonagon

A regular nonagon is represented by Schläfli symbol and has internal angles of 140°. The area of a regular nonagon of side length a is given by
where the radius r of the inscribed circle of the regular nonagon is
and where R is the radius of its circumscribed circle:

Construction

Although a regular nonagon is not constructible with compass and straightedge, there are very old methods of construction that produce very close approximations.
It can be also constructed using neusis, or by allowing the use of an angle trisector.


The nonagon can be constructed with 36 meccano equal bars. The construction includes 9 equilateral triangles. Bars are disposed in four levels. Physical models are possible selecting correctly the size of the pieces in order bars and bolts don't obstruct anything else.

Approximations

Approximation I

The following is an approximate construction of a nonagon using a straightedge and compass.
Example to illustrate the error, when the constructed central angle is 39.99906°:

At a circumscribed circle radius r = 100 m, the absolute error of the 1st side would be approximately 1.6 mm.

Approximation II

See also the .

Symmetry

The regular enneagon has Dih9 symmetry, order 18. There are 2 subgroup dihedral symmetries: Dih3 and Dih1, and 3 cyclic group symmetries: Z9, Z3, and Z1.
These 6 symmetries can be seen in 6 distinct symmetries on the enneagon. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order. Full symmetry of the regular form is r18 and no symmetry is labeled a1. The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices or edges, and i when reflection lines path through both edges and vertices. Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders.
Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the g9 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can seen as directed edges.

Tilings

The regular enneagon can tessellate the euclidean tiling with gaps. These gaps can be filled with regular hexagons and isosceles triangles. In the notation of symmetrohedron this tiling is called H with H representing *632 hexagonal symmetry in the plane.

Graphs

The K9 complete graph is often drawn as a regular enneagon with all 36 edges connected. This graph also represents an orthographic projection of the 9 vertices and 36 edges of the 8-simplex.

Pop culture references

Temples of the Bahá'í Faith, called Bahá'í Houses of Worship, are required to be nonagonal.
The U.S. Steel Tower is an irregular nonagon.