Nine familial exterminations


The nine familial exterminations or nine kinship exterminations, literally "family execution" and miè zú was the most serious punishment for a capital offense in Ancient China. A collective punishment typically associated with offenses such as treason, the punishment involved the execution of all relatives of an individual, which were categorized into nine groups. Nine exterminations were often done by slow slicing. The occurrence of this punishment was somewhat rare, with relatively few sentences recorded throughout history. There were also variants of the punishment found in ancient Korea and Vietnam.

History

The punishment by nine exterminations is usually associated with the tyrannical rulers throughout Chinese history who were prone to use inhumane methods of asserting control. The first written account of the concept is in the Classic of History, a historical account of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, where it is recorded that prior to a military battle, officers would threaten their subordinates that they would exterminate their families if they refused to obey orders.
From the Spring and Autumn period, there are records of exterminations of "three clans". A notable case was under the State of Qin in 338 BC: lawmaker Shang Yang's entire family was killed by order of King Huiwen of Qin, while Shang Yang himself was sentenced to death by being drawn and quartered. This was an ironic occurrence as it was Shang Yang who formulated such a punishment into Qin law in the first place, being commonly recorded as a lawmaker who used excessive punishments.
During the Qin Dynasty, punishments became even more rigorous under the first emperor of unified China, Qin Shi Huang. In order to uphold his rule, strict laws were enforced, where deception, libel, and the study of banned books became punishable by familial extermination. This increase in tyranny only helped to speed up the overthrow of the Qin Dynasty. The Han Dynasty, although it inherited the concept of family execution, was more moderate in inflicting such severe punishments. In many cases, the Han Emperor would retract the sentence, and so family executions were much rarer than under the Qin Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, the family punishment was not abolished, but it was only applied to those who plotted against the rule of the Emperor. By this time, the penalty had become more regulated and different; from the Tang Code, the sentence involved the death of parents, children over the age of sixteen, and other close kindred, and was only applied to the offenses of treason and rebellion.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the breadth of family extermination was increased. Under the Hongwu Emperor, those committing rebellion and treason were punished by having their parents, grandparents, brethren, children, grandchildren, those living with the criminal regardless of surname, uncles and the children of brethren put to death, as well as death for the rebels themselves by slow slicing or lingchi. The number of sentences during the Ming were higher than that of the Tang, due to the policy of "showing mercy beneath the sword", while females were given the choice to become slaves rather than be killed. A rare case was Fang Xiaoru, whose students and friends were also executed as the 10th family by the Yongle Emperor, the only case where "ten exterminations" was officially sentenced and carried out. The punishment by family extermination during the Qing Dynasty was a direct imitation of the regulation under the Ming.
Punishment by nine exterminations was abolished near the end of the Qing Dynasty, officially repealed by the imperial government in 1905.
There were various ethical judgements regarding group punishment in ancient times. It was typically seen as tyrannical method of rule, unjustly punishing innocent family members for the crime of a relative. However, the punishment was justified by the ancient Confucian cultural tradition that the actions of each member bring shame or honor to the whole family, which therefore should bear the burden of punishment for high crimes. Like all forms of collective punishment, it was also intended as a dreadful deterrent for the worst crimes, rather than merely as a form of revenge.
In ancient Korea, this punishment was applied during the reign of King Jinpyeong of Silla when conspirator Ichan Chilsuk and his entire family and relatives to ninth degree were put to death.
In ancient Vietnam, the most prominent example being the execution of most of the family members of Nguyễn Trãi, an official who was wrongly accused of killing the King. He had his entire family executed.

Punishment

The punishment involved the execution of close and extended family members. These included:
Confucian principles also played a major role in the extent of the punishment. The killing of children was disapproved under Mencius' principle that "being offspring is not a sin", so that children under a certain age were often spared execution.

"Nine tribes"

In ancient times, there were nine different relations in which an individual had with other people, which were referred to as the "family" or "tribe" during that period. These relations, under Confucian principles, were bonded by filial piety. Because members of a family remained strictly loyal to one another, they were considered responsible for crimes committed by any member due to guilt by association. It also provided the argument that the entire family would be responsible in supporting each other in the case of a rebellion against a ruler.
The Chinese character can be translated by its original definition of "clan" or "tribe", or it can have the additional meanings of "kinship", "family" or "ethnicity".