New York City Subway chaining
New York City Subway chaining is a method to precisely specify locations along the New York City Subway lines. It measures distances from a fixed point, called chaining zero, following the twists and turns of the railroad line, so that the distance described is understood to be the "railroad distance," not the distance by the most direct route.
The New York City Subway system differs from other railroad chaining systems in that it uses the engineer's chain of rather than the surveyor's chain of.
Terminology
Chaining zero
Chaining zero, is a fixed point from which the chaining is measured on a particular chaining line. A chaining number of, for example, 243 at a specific line location identifies that the location is the length of 243 100-foot chains from chaining zero, usually measured along the center line of the railroad.Once chaining is established, it is rare but not unheard of to change the location of chaining zero or the route along which it is measured on a given line. There are several examples of chaining numbers that refer to a chaining zero location that no longer exists or along a physical line that no longer exists, because of abandonment or demolition. Notable among these are several existing chaining lines that originated near New York City Hall via the Brooklyn Bridge, discontinued since 1944. It is occasionally possible for a reroute to alter the accuracy of chaining numbers slightly.
Exceptions exist to the principle that chaining numbers represent a railroad distance to the zero point. On the original IND chaining zero for the original system is a political rather than physical location, and there is no railroad at or near the zero point. Sometimes trackage is chained backwards from a tie point with another line.
The three divisions each had one separate Mileage zero before the 1958 opening of the Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue station. The zeros were changed after the Far Rockaway station's opening, and are now at the railroad southernmost points of each division. The IND division-wide zero is at the Far Rockaway station's bumper blocks, the IRT zero is a northbound home signal at the north end of New Lots Avenue station, and the BMT zero is in the center of Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station. Since the IRT Flushing Line is operationally separate from the rest of the system, it uses a different zero from the rest of the IRT. The IRT Flushing Line's Mileage zero is at 34th Street–Hudson Yards, and before the 7 Subway Extension opened in 2015, the zero was at Times Square.
Chaining lines
Chaining lines are routes on physical railroad lines that are usually described by one or two letters for the purpose of identifying locations on those lines.Chaining lines are not necessarily the same as the physical lines they run on. One physical line may have several chaining letters, and one chaining line may cover several physical lines.
The letters assigned to a chaining line have nothing to do with the letters displayed on trains, public maps and timetables. These letters are subway service letters. See: New York City Subway nomenclature and List of New York City Subway services.
For example, the BMT A chaining line begins at BMT South chaining zero north of 57th Street–Seventh Avenue on the BMT Broadway Line, but is interrupted north of the Canal Street stations, where the express tracks becomes BMT H for the trip over the Manhattan Bridge south side tracks and the local tracks become BMT B for Lower Manhattan and the Montague Street Tunnel. The BMT A line begins again in the middle of the Manhattan Bridge span on the north side tracks, passes through DeKalb Avenue and then becomes the BMT Brighton Line for that line's entire distance to Stillwell Avenue. BMT A originally traversed the entire north side of the bridge, connecting Canal to DeKalb, while H ran towards Chambers St. instead of Canal, but this was reconfigured as part of the Chrystie Street Connection. The IND B designation was extended past the portal of the new connection, to meet the BMT A in the middle, yet retained the BMT chaining numbers on the bridge itself. The tracks leading to Chambers St. were severed from the bridge and were re-designated as part of BMT J.
In a few cases, the chaining lines and service letters are coincident, such as the IND A chaining line following the A service from 207th Street to Euclid Avenue, while the IND C was the IND Concourse Line, which was originally served by the C service. However, that service was later moved off of the Concourse line, while the chaining code remains.
Chaining stations
Each specific location along a line is known as a chaining station, and is identified by a number unique to that chaining line. The precision of the location depends on its usage. On engineering maps, the location of such features as curves, switches, crossings, stations and platforms are ordinarily specified to a precision of. This is expressed as ; a chaining station located 1,470 feet from chaining zero would be described as 14+70. For greater precision, or where style or protocol requires it, unit of less than a foot may be described. The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company used without trailing zeros: thus a map location designated as P.S. 14+70.25 would indicate that the Point of a Switch at that location is 1,470 and one quarter feet from chaining zero.Signals are identified by the chaining line and track number, and by the nearest 100-foot chaining station. In this usage only the number of 100-foot chains from chaining zero are displayed. Thus, a signal on the BMT with a designation of A2 / 102 would be on the BMT chaining line A, track 2, within 50 feet of the chaining station at 10,200 feet from chaining zero.
Track numbers on chaining lines
Each track on a chaining line is given a number, letter or a combination of both to identify a particular track on a particular line.BMT/IND practice
On the BMT and IND an odd numbered mainline track is going railroad south and an even numbered mainline track is going railroad north. In many locations a track may be going "railroad" north or south where the compass direction is different or even opposite. This may be because it is an essentially east-west line, so railroad north means towards Manhattan and railroad south means away from Manhattan. It may also be because a line continuing from a north-south line turns in another direction but the railroad direction remains the same.These track numbers provide a definitive way of determining whether a particular direction on a particular line is going "railroad" north or south. Especially it shows that "south" on several lines that run in an easterly to northerly compass direction for their entire route are nevertheless running railroad south.
The local tracks on a given BMT/IND line are numbered 1 and 2. The express tracks are numbered 3 and 4. If there are an odd number of mainline tracks, the center track is track 3/4. The signals heading southbound will show the location as track 3 and northbound track 4. Additional tracks on the same chaining line are usually numbered higher by the same rules. On the four track BMT Brighton Line, the tracks from west to east are:
A1–A3–A4–A2
On the three track BMT West End Line, they are:
D1–D3/4–D2
On the two track BMT Canarsie Line, they are:
Q1–Q2
Some stations may have the same number of tracks, but a slightly different chaining. On most stations on the three-track IND Concourse Line, the chaining is:
C1–C3/4–C2
At Bedford Park Boulevard, the chaining is:
C1–C6–C2
IRT practice
On the IRT the signals are numbered differently. The track number for chaining purposes is added to the end of the survey number, so that the southbound signal numbers end in 4 and 2 and the northbounds are 1 and 3. On a four track line, the signal numbers end:4–2–1–3
On a three track line, 1/2 are used signals on the middle track. 4 and 3 are still the local tracks:
4–1/2–3
And on a two-track line, there are no express tracks, so the two tracks are:
4–3
Strangely, IRT track designations differ from the signal chaining track numbers they are numbered from left to right, tracks number 1 through 4:
1–2–3–4
And on a three-track line:
1–M–4 or 2–M–3
Thus, a line will have signal numbers ending in "4–2–1–3" and tracks designated as "1–2–3–4".
Signals on the IRT governing in the opposite of the normal direction of travel will have a signal number ending N+4 from the signal numbers governing in the normal direction.
Examples of all four tracks at a particular survey location :
BMT:
B1-243 | B3-243 | B4-243 | B2-243
IRT:
2434-B | 2432-B | 2431-B | 2433-B
Handling chaining junctions
When one line splits from or joins another, a decision must be made on how to measure the chaining distances on the individual lines. One way is to establish a new zero point for one or more lines, but this is inefficient. Typically a major end-point terminal will be chosen as chaining zero, and all lines that are tributary to that terminal will measure their chaining from that point. This process is called tying. For example, if one line ties to another at a certain point, and the chaining station number at that point is 135+10, then a location on either branch that is 1,000 feet from that will have a chaining station number of 145+10.Tying
When a new line or branch separates from another line, and the new line "picks up" the chaining numbers of the original line, the new line is said to be "tied" at that point. For example, where the BMT Montague Street Tunnel Line separates from the Broadway Line north of Canal Street and Broadway, we say that BMT B ties to BMT A at Canal and Broadway. That way the distance from a chaining station on BMT B is measured by following the physical BMT B to its tying point, and then following the physical BMT A from there to chaining zero.Reverse tying
Sometimes when a line leaves another line, the chaining on the branch line should be tied to the original line, but sometimes the chaining distances go down instead of up. This is almost always because the branch joins the main line coming from the same direction as the main line, and we want the chaining numbers of the branch to be derived from the main line, so as not to have to establish a separate chaining zero location for the branch. An example of this was the Fulton Ferry branch of the Fulton Street Elevated which split from the Brooklyn Bridge branch at a location called Kings County Junction. Chaining zero for both branches was at Park Row, over the Brooklyn Bridge. The stub end branch to Fulton Ferry was chained backwards from Kings County Junction to the East River shoreline. The chaining numbers went from 0+00 at the western end of Park Row station to 77+20 at KC Junction. Then the Fulton Ferry branch was reverse tied at that point so that the chaining station at the ferry end of the line was 45+38. By this method, the distance from any point on the Fulton Street el to either terminal could be readily measured.No tying
Sometimes two or more lines merge or abut but the chaining shouldn't be tied. For example, the Montague Street Tunnel Line BMT B is tied to Broadway Line BMT A at Canal Street, but BMT B returns to BMT A at DeKalb Avenue in Brooklyn. Since BMT B uses a longer route to reach the same location than BMT A does, the chaining numbers are different where the two lines rejoin. In this case, the BMT B chaining simply ends and the BMT A chaining is picked up again.Chaining codes
Following are tables describing the chaining lines of all three divisions, including defunct lines.BMT
Current
Many of these lines originally had individual chaining zero points as a result of the different companies that built and operated them. The BRT consolidated the chaining system subsequent to taking over these and many lines were again rechained when they were shifted from elevated to subway lines. These chaining lines and zero locations are accurate as of c. 1900 for lines chained from Park Row; as they were opened c. 1915–1920 for lines chained from 57th Street; as of line openings for other lines. Where chaining has changed since these chaining lines were established, the current chaining is shown.All Mileage zeroes are at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue.
| Chaining line | Physical line | North | South | Chaining zero | Mileage zero |
| A | Broadway Line / Brighton Line | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | Canal Street lower level | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| A | Broadway Line / Brighton Line | midpoint of Manhattan Bridge north tracks | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| B | Broadway Line / Montague Street Tunnel | Canal Street upper level | junction with Brighton Line south of DeKalb Avenue | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| C | Culver Line | Ninth Avenue lower level | Fort Hamilton Parkway | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| D | West End Line | 36th Street | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| E | Sea Beach Line | 59th Street | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| F | Fourth Avenue Line | Gold Street Interlocking north of DeKalb Avenue | Bay Ridge–95th Street | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| G | Astoria Line / 60th Street Tunnel | Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| G | 63rd Street Line | Lexington Avenue–63rd Street | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | |
| GD | 60th Street Tunnel Connection | Queens Plaza | junction with BMT G west of Queensboro Plaza | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| H | Manhattan Bridge south tracks | Canal Street lower level | interlocking north of DeKalb Avenue | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| J | Nassau Street Line / Jamaica Line / Archer Avenue Line | Chambers Street | 168th Street | Chambers Street | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| J | Nassau Street Line / Jamaica Line / Archer Avenue Line | Chambers Street | Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer | Chambers Street | |
| M | Myrtle Avenue Line | Sands Street | Broadway | Park Row | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| M | Myrtle Avenue Line | Myrtle Avenue | Middle Village–Metropolitan Avenue | Park Row | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| O | Franklin Avenue Line | Franklin Avenue/Fulton Street | Prospect Park | Park Row | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| P | Canarsie Line–Linden Shops | Livonia Avenue | Linden Shops | between Atlantic Avenue and Sutter Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| Q | Canarsie Line | Eighth Avenue | Canarsie–Rockaway Parkway | Eighth Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
| R | Nassau Street Line | Chambers Street | Montague Street Tunnel | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue |
Former
- BMT C: Original BMT C ran along the entire length of the Culver Line, from the lower level of Ninth Avenue over to Ditmas Avenue, then along the McDonald Avenue El to West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium, where BMT A chaining took over. With the opening of the Culver Ramp, the IND acquired the Culver Line from Ditmas Avenue south and rechained it as part of IND B. The surviving portion of the northern Culver Line, which today runs from Ninth Avenue lower level to about , is still chained BMT C.
- BMT G: Tracks 3 and 4, which constitute the BMT 63rd Street Line, are not to be confused with track G3-4, the single express track on the Astoria Line. Positions on the 63rd Street Line have approximately 100+00 added to the actual distance from the zero point.
- BMT K: The Fulton Ferry spur was chained from Park Row to Kings County Junction, then backwards from the junction to Fulton Ferry.
- BMT L: Lexington Avenue Line chaining ended at the intersection of , where the Lexington Avenue Line merged with the Broadway–Brooklyn Line.
- BMT P: Until recently, BMT P consisted of the Canarsie Line from Broadway Junction to Canarsie–Rockaway Parkway. The entire Canarsie Line has since been rechained as BMT Q; the only remaining P chaining is the yard lead that diverges from the main line just south of Livonia Avenue and leads to Linden Shops.
- BMT Q: Until recently, chaining for BMT Q began at Sixth Avenue—the original northern terminal of the 14th Street subway—and continued south to Broadway Junction. South of Broadway Junction, the line was chained as BMT P with chaining zero at the intersection of , where the Canarsie Line had diverged from the former Fulton Street Line. When the 14th Street subway was extended to Eighth Avenue, the new trackage was chained as BMT QW, with chaining starting at Sixth and increasing to Eighth. The Canarsie Line has since been entirely rechained as Q, running from the zero at Eighth Avenue south to Rockaway Parkway.
- BMT Y: This is used on yard leads.
IND
Current
All Mileage zeroes are at Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue.| Chaining line | Physical line | North | South | Chaining zero | Mileage zero |
| A | Eighth Avenue Line / Fulton Street Line | Inwood–207th Street | stub tracks south of Euclid Avenue | IND zero | Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue |
| B | Sixth Avenue Lines / Culver Line | 57th Street | midpoint of Manhattan Bridge north tracks | IND zero | rowspan=2 |
| B | Sixth Avenue Lines / Culver Line | South of Columbus Circle | midpoint of Manhattan Bridge north tracks | IND zero | - |
| B | Sixth Avenue Lines / Culver Line | West of Fifth Avenue/53rd Street | West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium | IND zero | Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue |
| BJ | Chrystie Street Cut | Broadway–Lafayette Street | Essex Street | IND zero | |
| C | Concourse Line | Norwood–205th Street | 135th Street | IND zero | Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue |
| D | Queens Boulevard Line | Jamaica–179th Street | interlocking between 50th Street and 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal | IND zero | Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue |
| DA | Archer Avenue Line | Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer | Briarwood | IND zero | |
| E | Brooklyn–Queens Crosstown Line | Queens Plaza | Fulton Street | IND zero | Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue |
| E | Brooklyn–Queens Crosstown Line | Fulton Street | Bergen Street | IND zero | Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue |
| F | Rockaway Line / Rockaway Park Branch | Rockaway Boulevard | Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street | Long Island City | Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue |
| FA | Far Rockaway Branch | Hammels Wye | Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue | Long Island City | Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue |
| K | Liberty Avenue El | east of Euclid Avenue | Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard | Park Row | Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue |
| S | Second Avenue Line | 96th Street | east of Lexington Avenue–63rd Street | IND zero | rowspan=2 |
| T | 63rd Street Line | junction south of 36th Street | 57th Street | IND zero | - |
Former
- IND zero: The zero point of the IND system was determined by extending the centerline of West Fourth Street–Washington Square station south to the New York/New Jersey border. The point of intersection—located in Lower New York Bay just north of Keansburg, New Jersey—was calculated to be 96,925 feet from the south ends of the Eighth Avenue Line platforms at West Fourth Street; this point became chaining point 969+25. Chaining distances then increase railroad north of West Fourth and decrease railroad south. As a result, the principle that chaining stations along any line reflect the accurate distance to a chaining zero point via the physical railroad is not true on the original IND.
- IND D : While the yard leads from the Forest Hills–71 Avenue station are tied to IND D, the chaining of Jamaica Yard and the World's Fair Line are not.
- IND E: From Bergen Street to Fulton Street, the line is tied to IND A, which it shares with the Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station. North of Fulton Street, the line is reverse-tied to IND D.
- IND F/FA: The Rockaway Line was originally part of the Long Island Rail Road and was chained from Long Island City station in Long Island City, Queens, via the old Montauk Line. When the IND acquired the Rockaway Line south of Liberty Avenue in 1956, it preserved the LIRR chaining distances. The single-track connection between the east and west legs of Hammels Wye has its own chaining, which starts at the point it branches from the east leg.
- IND K: The Liberty Avenue Elevated, currently part of the IND Fulton Street Line, was originally the eastern portion of the BMT Fulton Street Line, which had its chaining zero at Park Row. When the IND acquired the Liberty Avenue structure, it preserved the BMT chaining letter and zero point, reverse-tying the chaining back to Euclid Avenue.
- IND S: Ties to IND T near 2nd Avenue and 63rd Street, where the two lines intersect.
IRT
Current
All Mileage zeroes are at New Lots Avenue, except for the IRT Flushing Line, whose zero is Times Square.Former
- IRT A: This was the original IRT designation of the Astoria Line until it was completely transferred to BMT operations.
- IRT Y: This chaining letter was formerly assigned to the portion of the Flushing Line from Times Square to Queensboro Plaza; this segment was later rechained as part of IRT C. Today, IRT Y constitutes the Dyre Avenue Line from Eastchester–Dyre Avenue south to East 180th Street. The Dyre Avenue Line had originally been part of the New York, Westchester and Boston Railway, which had had its chaining zero at its southern terminus at Oak Point Yard in the South Bronx. IRT Y has since been tied to IRT W under a new signal contract.
- Broadway/44th Street: The point where the Dual Contracts section of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line meets the Contract I section.
- Park Avenue/38th Street: The point where the Dual Contracts section of the Lexington Avenue Line meets the Contract I section.