National Bank of Ukraine


National Bank of Ukraine or NBU is the central bank of Ukraine – a government body responsible for unified state policy in the field of country's monetary circulation, including strengthening of national currency unit – hryvnia. It regulates and supervises activities, functions and legal status of government and commercial banks based on principles of the Constitution of Ukraine and the law of Ukraine "About the National Bank of Ukraine".

History

traces its history back to 1918 when on December 22, 1917, the Central Council of Ukraine adopted a law "On transformation of the Kiev office of the Russian State Bank into the Ukrainian State Bank". The law united all offices of the former State bank, Noble Land Bank, and Peasant Land Bank. At the same time there existed a decree of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine about the nationalization of banks since December 14, 1917. On January 5, 1918, the Ukrainian State Bank started to issue its own money. On August 10, 1918, there was signed a statute on the Ukrainian State Bank. On August 23, 1918, there was established the State Land Bank.
At the end of World War I, Ukraine became occupied by a new Russian regime – Bolsheviks. Bolshevist Russia adopted a law of War Communism which discontinued use of any financial institutions. However, in 1921 across Ukraine started to be established State Banks of the Russian SFSR which later were transformed into the Central Bank of the USSR.
Before the fall of the Soviet Union during the times of Period of reconstruction, the National Bank of Ukraine was a republican branch of the Central Bank of the USSR, while there were registered number of banks with various status. There were over 15 banks of ministerial status, over 20 banks of state/cooperative institutions, Moscow banks in Ukraine, banks with state status. Officially, the National Bank of Ukraine acted as the Central Bank of Ukraine since early 1991. Like institutions of many newly independent nations, it faced dire financial straits during the 1990s, leading to a prolonged period of hyperinflation.
On March 20, 1991, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the resolution "On Banks and Banking Activity", which became Law on May 1. The resolution declared ownership by the Ukrainian SSR of the Ukrainian Republican Bank of the State Bank of the USSR, the Ukrainian Republican Bank of the State Commercial Industrial-Constructional Bank of the USSR "Ukrprombudbank", the Ukrainian Republican Bank of the Savings Bank of the USSR, and the Ukrainian Republican Bank of the ForeignEconomBank of the USSR as well as the Ukrainian Republican Department of Encashment of the State Bank of the USSR.
Former President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko was Governor of the National Bank of Ukraine from January 1993 to December 1999, before becoming Prime Minister. Later Serhii Arbuzov became Prime Minister of Ukraine for a short term in 2014 after being Governor of the National Bank.

Legal status and structure

The legal status of the National Bank of Ukraine and the principles of its organization and activities are determined by the Constitution of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine "On the National Bank of Ukraine".
The National Bank of Ukraine is a legal entity with separated property, which is the object of the state property. Its authorized capital amounts to UAH 100 million and is the state-owned property which is in the full economic competence of the National Bank.
According to Article 99 of the Constitution of Ukraine, adopted in 1996, the main function of the country's central bank is to ensure stability of monetary unit – the Hryvnia. To carry out its main function, the National Bank shall foster the stability of the banking system and, within its competence, the price stability.
According to the Law of Ukraine "On the National Bank of Ukraine", the National Bank is the central bank of Ukraine, a specific central body of the state administration, its issuing center which pursue common state policy in money circulation, credit, strengthening of monetary unit; it coordinates functioning of the banking system in general; determines exchange rate of the monetary unit against foreign currencies. The National Bank determines a kind of bank notes, their denomination, distinctive features and their protection system. The National Bank of Ukraine ensures the accumulation and custody of the gold and currency reserves and the conduction of transactions with them and the banking metals. The National Bank of Ukraine sets up the order of determining a discount rate and other interest rates; it gives permission for commercial banks' registration and licenses banking business; determines the standard of emergency funds for commercial banks and other financial and credit institutions.
The National Bank of Ukraine has the power to initiate legislation. Resolutions of the NBU becoming valid just by publishing on their homepage www.bank.gov.ua. Decisions of the NBU may be just appealed at court due to Art.74 of the Law about the National Bank, however, courts may not suspend resolutions during the investigation of appeals, just by court sentences.
The National Bank of Ukraine is governed by the Head of the National Bank of Ukraine and its directory, while its functions are coordinated by the Council of the National Bank of Ukraine. The council consists of 15 members including the Head of the National Bank as the ex officio position. The other members of the council are appointed by an equal quota of seven members from the President of Ukraine and the Verkhovna Rada.

Functions

According to the Constitution of Ukraine, the main function of the National Bank is to ensure the stability of Ukraine's monetary unit. To carry this out, the National Bank fosters the stability of the banking system and, within its competence, price stability.
Due to Art.51 of the law about the National Bank of Ukraine, the NBU is accountable for its activities to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the President of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
The National Bank also carries out the following functions:
Since the bank's establishment, the following statesmen were the Governors of the National Bank of Ukraine
No.PortraitNameTook OfficeLeft Office
Volodymyr Matvienko19911992
Vadym Hetman19921992
Viktor Yushchenko19932000
Volodymyr Stelmakh20002004
Sergiy Tigipko20022004
Volodymyr Stelmakh20042010
Serhiy Arbuzov20102012
Ihor Sorkin20132014
Stepan Kubiv20142014
Valeriya Hontareva20142017 On 11 May 2017 the bank installed deputy governor Yakiv Smoliy as acting governor.
Yakiv Smoliy20182020 On 3 July 2020 First Deputy Governor Kateryna Rozhkova temporarily assumed Smoliy's duties.
Kyrylo Shevchenko2020Incumbent

Council of the National Bank of Ukraine

On 25 October 2016 ex-Minister of Economy Bohdan Danylyshyn was appointed Head of the Council of the National Bank of Ukraine. Economist Tymofiy Mylovanov became his Deputy Head.
A Council's meeting is valid if at least six members are present.

Banking sector

Due to the recent economic crisis, the number of the registered banks decreased sharply to 108 in 2016. The National Bank of Ukraine announced a target of approximately 80–100 banks at the market.
There are state-owned banks like Oshadny, Ukrexim or Ukrgas, but the vast majority of banks is in private property. Largest banks by assets are the Privatbank and the state savings "Oshadnybank". All registered banks are member of the Deposit Guarantee Funds, which guarantees deposits up to 200.000 UAH per person and bank in case of insolvency. The Oshadnybank is excluded from this fund because Ukraine guarantees their deposits directly.
Banks are divided by the National Bank into four categories depending on their capitals.
There are a couple of big banks owned through off-shore companies. However, since 2016 all bank owner-structures had to be published till the last physical person to the National Bank of Ukraine to enforce the Anti-money-laundering and -tax-evasion-policy of the NBU.
Foreign banking is still dominated from the Russian Federation, while the Austrian Raiffeisen Aval Bank continues to stay strong.
Per 01.04.2016 private households are holding f.e. 375,2 Mrd.UAH deposits in Ukrainian banks

Commemorative coins

The national Bank of Ukraine offers a broad scale of commemorative and bullion coins and numismatic products, which are being sold primarily by the branches of NBU and 1/3 by state banks.