The Nacotchtanks or Anacostans were a native Algonquian people who lived in the area of, now Washington, D.C., during the 17th century. The name Nacotchtank, existing in several historical variants including Nacostine, Anacostine, Anaquashtank, Nacothtant and Nachatanke. It is said to mean "trading village". Their principal village, named Nacotchtank, was situated within the modern borders of the District of Columbia, on the eastern bank of a small river that still bears an anglicised variant of their name — the Anacostia. The village of Nacotchtank was the largest of the three native villages in the area and was located between the now Anacostia Park and the Bolling Air Force Base, in the floodplain below the easternmost part of Fort Circle Parks. The Nacotchtank seem to have been associated with the larger Piscataway, whose Tayac or grand chief ruled over a loose confederacy of area tribes. The Nacotchtank paid tribute to the Piscataway chief who resided to the south in the nearby village of Moyaone in, now Accokeek in Prince George's County. Another closely related tribe was the Doeg, whose homeland was on, now the Virginia side of the Potomac. All of these groups are thought to have spoken the Piscataway variant of the Nanticoke language.
Encounters with the English
The Nacotchtank were first recorded by Captain John Smith, who visited their palisaded village in 1608, and found them friendly. He noted that their main village had 80 fighting men, with a total population of about 300. It was an important trading center; tribes as distant as the Iroquois of New York would come to trade beaver pelts. In 1622, Captain Henry Fleet took a party of English, together with their Patawomeckallies, to attack the rival Nacotchtank, killing 18 and burning their village. After the Nacotchtank took Fleet captive the following year, they held him for 5 years, during which time he learned their language. After escaping in 1628, he returned to Nacotchtank in 1632 and obtained "800 weight" of pelts. He was told the Nacotchtank enjoyed a monopoly among area tribes on fur trade with the Iroquois. Fleet noted another of their villages called Tohoga, roughly the site of modern Georgetown. Two years later when the colony of Maryland was established, Fleet was still there as a trader, as related by the Jesuits. Around 1668, greatly depopulated from Eurasian infectious diseasesendemic to the English, to which they had no immunity, the Nacotchtank relocated to Anacostine IslandRemnants and descendants likely merged with the Piscataway.
