Born to a noble family of Petro Yakymovych Drahomanov who was of a Cossack descent, Mykhailo Drahomanov started his education at home, then studied at the Hadiach school, Poltavasenior school and Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. He was also an uncle of Ukrainian poet Larysa Kosach and brother of Olha Drahomanova-Kosach. Drahomanov's uncle, Yakiv Drahomanov, was a member of the Decembrist movement and political prisoner for participating in the secret Society of United Slavs. His wife was the famous actress Ludmila Dragomanova. The couple had one daughter, Lidia Shishmanova. During the transfer of Taras Shevchenko's remains from Saint Petersburg to Taras Hill, Drahomanov gave a speech over his tomb when it stopped in Kyiv. Drahomanov lectured at Kyiv University from 1870 to 1875, but because of the repressions against the Ukrainian movement peaking up in 1876 with Ems Ukaz was forced to leave the Russian Empire and emigrated to Geneva. In emigration he continued his political, scholarly and publishing activities. In 1885–95, he was a professor at the University of Sofia to his son-in-law Ivan Shishmanov. Drahomanov wrote the first systematic political program for the Ukrainian national movement. He himself defined his political convictions as "ethical socialism," and was deeply impressed by socialist literature as a teenager.
Hromada and Socialism
Drahomanov was one of leaders of Kyiv hromada, while continuing to pursue his academic career. Being a member of the Russian Geographic society, he established contacts with Ukrainians of Austria. Under his influence, the Academic Circle in Lemberg adopted the Ukrainian democratic platform. As a victim of anti-Ukrainian repressive measures by the Russian government, in 1875 Drahomanov was fired from the Kyiv University. In 1876 Drahomanov became a spokesman of Hromada abroad while settling in Geneva, Switzerland. Between 1878-1882 he published a Ukrainian political magazineHromada and number of Russophone pamphlets. Drahomanov also created a Ukrainian socialist organization the Geneva Circle. In 1886 his political stance became not aligned with the political views of Hromada, which resulted in a rift between then, and the society in Ukraine losing its financial support.
Legacy
The lasting legacy of Drahomanov can be discerned in the whole Ukrainian tradition of leftist political parties and political activism. He personally influenced a handful of younger Ukrainian intellectuals in Habsburg Galicia in the late 1870s, first of all Ivan Franko and Mykhailo Pavlyk, both of whom accepted his ideas although reworked them later according to their own mould. In 1890 these intellectuals founded the first Ukrainian political party - Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party. The program-maximum of this party was socialist and therefore the party can be seen as one of the first socialist parties in Eastern Europe. Drahomanov tried to popularize an orthographic reform, called the Drahomanivka after him. In 1991, the "Kyivan State Pedagogical University Named After Mykhaylo Drahomanov" in Kyiv was founded on the basis of the former "Kyivan State Pedagogical University Named After Maxim Gorky". In 1997, the university was granted "National University"-status.
Literature
Hornowa E. Problemy polskie w twórczości Michala Drahomanowa. – Wroclaw, 1978.
Rudnytsky Ivan L. Essays in Modern Ukrainian History / Ed. by P.L. Rudnytsky. – Edmonton: Canadian institute of Ukrainian studies, University of Alberta, 1987. – 499 p. – P. 203 – 253. The First Ukrainian Political Program: Mykhailo Drahomanovʼs “Introduction” to Hromada. – P. 255 – 281. Mykhailo Drahomanov and the Problem of Ukrainian-Jewish Relations. – P. 283 – 297.
