Multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion
Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction is a technique used in X-ray crystallography that facilitates the determination of the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules via solution of the phase problem.
MAD was developed by Wayne Hendrickson while working as a postdoctoral researcher under Jerome Karle at the United States Naval Research Laboratory. The mathematics upon which MAD were based were developed by Jerome Karle, work for which he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.Two methods for providing the needed phasing information by introducing heavy atoms into isomorphous crystals:
