Milman Parry was an American scholar of epic poetry and the founder of the discipline of oral tradition.
Early life and education
Parry was born in 1902, graduated from Oakland Technical High School in 1919, and studied at the University of California, Berkeley and at the Sorbonne. A student of the linguistAntoine Meillet at the Sorbonne, Parry revolutionized Homeric studies. In his dissertations, which were published in French in 1928, he demonstrated that the Homeric style is characterized by the extensive use of fixed expressions, or 'formulas', adapted for expressing a given idea under the same metrical conditions. Meillet introduced him to Matija Murko, who had worked on oral epic traditions in Yugoslavia and had made phonograph recordings of some performances.
Academic career
Between 1933 and 1935 Parry, at the time Assistant Professor at Harvard University, made two trips to Yugoslavia, where he studied and recorded oral traditional poetry in Serbo-Croat with the help of his assistant Albert Lord and Nikola Vujnović. They worked in Bosnia, where literacy was lowest and the oral tradition was, in the term used by Parry and Lord, "purest". The two are now famous for their work in orality/literacy, which has come to be known as the Parry/Lord theory. In his American publications of the 1930s Parry introduced the hypothesis that the formulaic structure of Homeric epic is to be explained as a characteristic feature of oral composition. It was continued by Albert Lord, most notably in The Singer of Tales.
Death and commemoration
There is much mystery surrounding Milman Parry's death. Classicist Steve Reece has considered the many and various accounts of Parry’s life and tragic death, both true and false ones, as instances of contemporary oral-and-written traditions, which he then tests against survivingdocumentary evidence. Parry's collected papers were published posthumously: The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry, edited by Adam Parry, his son. The Milman Parry collection of records and transcriptions of South Slavicheroic poetry is now in the Widener Library of Harvard University. The journal Oral Tradition is devoted to advancing Parry's work.
Influence
Parry's influence is evident in the work of later scholars who have argued that there is a fundamental break in the institutional structure between Homeric Greece and Platonic Greece, a break characterized by the transition from an oral culture to a written culture. This line of thought holds that oral poetry, in Homeric society, served as a sort of log of institutional and cultural practices. In a written culture, written logs take the place of oral poetry. This thesis is associated with Eric Havelock, who cites Parry. Havelock argues that the fixed expressions Parry identifies can be understood as mnemonic aids used to help the poet remember the poetry, which was indeed vital to the well-being of the society, given the importance of the information carried by the poetry.
