The mesolimbic pathway is a collection of dopaminergic neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area to the ventral striatum, which includes the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. It is one of the component pathways of the medial forebrain bundle, which is a set of neural pathways that mediate brain stimulation reward. The VTA is located in the midbrain and consists of dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. The dopaminergic neurons in this region receive stimuli from both cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus as well as glutamatergic neurons in other regions such as the prefrontal cortex. The nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle are located in the ventral striatum and are primarily composed ofmedium spiny neurons. The nucleus accumbens is subdivided into limbic and motor subregions known as the NAcc shell and NAcc core. The medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens receive input from both the dopaminergic neurons of the VTA and the glutamatergic neurons of the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex. When they are activated by these inputs, the medium spiny neurons' projections release GABA onto the ventral pallidum.
Function
The mesolimbic pathway regulates incentive salience, motivation, reinforcement learning, and fear, among other cognitive processes. The mesolimbic pathway is involved in motivation cognition. Depletion of dopamine in this pathway, or lesions at its site of origin, decrease the extent to which an animal is willing to go to obtain a reward. Dopaminergic drugs are also able to increase the extent an animal is willing to go to obtain a reward. Moreover, the firing rate of neurons in the mesolimbic pathway increases during anticipation of reward, which may explain craving. Mesolimbic dopamine release was once thought to be the primary mediator of pleasure, but is now believed to have only a minor or secondary role in pleasure perception.
Clinical significance
Mechanisms of addiction
The mesolimbic pathway and a specific set of the pathway's output neurons play a central role in the neurobiology of addiction. Drug addiction is an illness caused by habitual substance abuse that induces chemical changes in the brain's circuitry. Commonly abused substances such as cocaine, alcohol, and nicotine have been shown to increase extracellular levels of dopamine within the mesolimbic pathway, preferentially within the nucleus accumbens. The mechanisms by which these drugs do so vary depending on the drug prototype. For example, cocaine precludes the re-uptake of synaptic dopamine through blocking the presynaptic dopamine transporter. Another stimulant, amphetamine, promotes increased dopamine from the synaptic vesicles. Non-stimulant drugs typically bind with ligand-gated channels or G protein-coupled receptors. Such drugs include alcohol, nicotine, and tetrahydrocannabinol. These dopaminergic activations of the mesolimbic pathway are accompanied by the perception of reward. This stimulus-reward association shows a resistance to extinction and creates an increased motivation to repeat that same behavior that caused it. In relation, a 2017 study found that abusive and adverse life events were associated with a heightened limbic response to cocaine. In other words, individuals who had previously suffered abuse were more likely to have a brain pathway primed for cocaine or drug use.
