Mercury-Atlas 4
Mercury-Atlas 4 was an unmanned spaceflight of the Mercury program. It was launched on September 13, 1961 at 14:09 UTC from Launch Complex 14 at Cape Canaveral, Florida. A Crewman Simulator instrument package was aboard. The craft orbited the Earth once.
At this time, NASA was getting increasingly frustrated with the Atlas's poor launch record. Of four Mercury-Atlas flights so far, two had been total failures. One had been a partial success and the otherwise completely successful MA-2 had experienced propellant slosh problems. In addition, the Atlas had not performed well in unmanned programs either as three Atlas-Able lunar probe launches in 1959-60 had all failed. The Air Force was also experiencing problems with military launches as a MIDAS early warning satellite and a SAMOS photoreconnaissance satellite launched with AtlasAgenas both failed to orbit during 1960. Only a few days before the flight of MA4 in September 1961, an AtlasAgena carrying a SAMOS satellite fell back on the launch pad at Vandenberg AFB, producing a spectacular explosion. Atlas ICBM tests at this time were still routinely failing as well.
These incidents produced a series of confrontations between NASA and Convair, the builders of the Atlas. As August 1961 ended, there had been 14 Atlas space launches. Of these, eight were total losses and one had been a partial failure, yielding a 30% success rate. Convair argued that many of the failed Atlas space launches were due to faults of the upper stages or payload rather than the Atlas itself and on this point were correct. Only Big Joe and MA-3 could be directly blamed on a malfunction of the Atlas and the former's problems still did not preclude the mission from carrying out most of its goals. In any case, Atlas was hardly alone in reliability issues; the other workhorse of the US space program, Thor, had a launch record that was scarcely better.
There were a series of delays getting the Atlas and Mercury capsule ready, because the postflight findings from MA-3 had necessitated extensive modifications to the booster. Vehicle 88D did not undergo its factory rollout inspection until June 30 and delivery to the Cape waited until July 15. Moreover, the flight was not going to use Mercury capsule #9 as planned, but instead capsule #8, which had been recovered from the MA3 launch and refurbished. Capsule #8 was also the last of the older models with small port windows, no landing bag, and a heavy locking mechanism on the hatch.
Further delays happened when it was discovered that the brand of transistor used in both the Atlas and Mercury were prone to forming solder balls, thus the entire last week of August was spent laboriously repairing them.
In August, the Soviet Union orbited cosmonaut Gherman Titov in Vostok 2 for a daylong flight, producing stunned disbelief in the US and paranoia in some quarters as Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev proclaimed in a speech afterwards "We have launched Gagarin and Titov into space, and we can deliver a nuclear weapon to any point on the planet!"
This flight was an orbital test of the Mercury Tracking Network and the first successful orbital flight test of the Mercury program--all previous successful launches were suborbital. The payload consisted of a pilot simulator, two voice tapes, a life support system, three cameras, and instrumentation to monitor levels of noise, vibration and radiation. Because it was suspected that a transient voltage caused the malfunction of MA3's programmer, Convair equipped the autopilot to give the engines a counteracting capability. Thus, testing this was also an objective of the flight. Also, the Atlas vehicle used to launch Midas 3 in July had experienced a programmer reset at staging, which did not have any significant effect or prevent the satellite from reaching orbit, but this incident was thoroughly investigated because of the problems with MA-3.
The launch went extremely well and the thick-skinned Atlas survived Max Q acceleration. Capsule performance was also good despite some concern over high oxygen usage in orbit, but ground controllers did not consider it a serious problem and the oxygen supply was sufficient for at least 8 orbits. The process of turning the capsule around in orbit so its heat shield faced forward proved more difficult than expected, taking 50 seconds instead of the normal 20 seconds. At a few points during the mission, the capsule's attitude became slightly unstable due to the failure of two thrusters, which caused momentary telemetry dropouts. The capsule completed one orbit prior to returning to Earth. Reentry took place one hour and 28 minutes after launch, and splashdown occurred in the Atlantic Ocean 176 miles east of Bermuda. One hour and 22 minutes after splashdown the destroyer picked up the capsule, which was found to be in good condition with little damage from either liftoff, orbit, or reentry. Postflight examination found that the oxygen rate handle had been dislodged by liftoff-induced vibration and cracked open a valve. This had allowed oxygen to escape into space, but not at sufficient rates to trigger a telemetry warning measurement, although it did trigger the oxygen warning light in the capsule. The handle was redesigned afterwards to be more difficult to move. The problem reorienting the capsule after booster separation was found to be the result of an open circuit in the pitch gyro.
The biggest problem encountered on MA-4 was an uncomfortably high level of liftoff vibration from T+5 to T+20 seconds, so a few more small modifications were made to the Atlas's autopilot. However, Manned Spaceflight Center director Bob Gilruth expressed his confidence that the booster was now man-rated, and that a human passenger would have survived the flight.
The MA4 mission had successfully achieved all its flight objectives. It had demonstrated the ability of the Atlas LV-3B rocket to lift the Mercury capsule into orbit and of the capsule and its systems to operate completely autonomously, and it had succeeded in obtaining pictures of the Earth. Nonetheless, to be on the safe side and test out a few more design changes, NASA still planned for one more unmanned test before committing the Mercury-Atlas combo to a manned flight.