Marines


Marines, also known as naval infantry, are typically an infantry force that specializes in the support of naval and army operations at sea and on land and air, as well as the execution of their own operations. In many countries, the marines are an integral part of that state's navy. In others, it is a separate organization altogether, such as in the United States, where the Marine Corps falls under the US Department of the Navy, yet it operates independently. Marines can also fall under a country's army like the Troupes de marine.
Historically, tasks undertaken by marines have included: helping maintain discipline and order aboard the ship, the boarding of vessels during combat or capture of prize ships, and providing manpower for raiding ashore in support of the naval objectives.
With the industrialization of warfare in the 20th century the scale of landing operations increased; this brought with it an increased likelihood of opposition and a need for co-ordination of various military elements. Marine forces evolved to specialize in the skills and capabilities required for amphibious warfare.

History

In the earliest day of naval warfare, there was little distinction between sailors and soldiers on a warship. The oarsmen of Ancient Greek and Roman ships had to be capable of fighting the rowers of opposing ships hand-to-hand; though hoplites began appearing on Greek ships specifically for the boarding of enemy ships.
The Roman Republic was the first to understand the importance of professional soldiers dedicated to melee combat onboard of ships. During the First Punic War, Roman crews remained inferior in naval experience to the Carthaginians and could not hope to match them in naval tactics, which required great fleet maneuverability and tactical experience. The Romans therefore employed a novel weapon which changed sea warfare to their advantage — they equipped their ships with the corvus, a long pivoting plank with a beak-like spike on the underside for hooking onto enemy ships, possibly developed earlier by the Syracusans against the Athenians during the Sicilian Expedition of the Peloponnesian War. Using it as a boarding bridge, Roman infantrymen were able to invade an enemy ship, transforming sea combat into a version of land combat, where the Roman legionaries had the upper hand. During the early Principate, a ship's crew, regardless of its size, was organized as a centuria. Crewmen could sign on as naval infantry, rowers/seamen, craftsmen and various other jobs, though all personnel serving in the imperial fleet were classed as milites, regardless of their function; only when differentiation with the army was required, were the adjectives classiarius or classicus added. The Roman Navy's two fleet legions, I Adiutrix and II Adiutrix, were among the first distinct naval infantry units.
The first organized marine corps was created in Venice by the Doge Enrico Dandolo when he created the first regiment of ten companies spread on several ships. That Corps participated to the conquest of Byzantium, later officially called " Fanti da Mar" in 1550.
Later also the Spanish king, Carlos I, assigned the naval infantry of the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles to the Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo in 1537, progenitors of the current Spanish Navy Marines corps, making them the oldest marine corps still in active service in the world.
The third oldest marine corps in the world was founded as the Terço of the Navy of the Crown of Portugal in 1618, predecessor to the modern Portuguese Marine Corps.

Etymology

The English noun marine is from the adjective marine, meaning "of the sea", via French marin from Latin marinus itself from mare, from Proto-Indo-European *móri .
The word marine was originally used for the marine-type forces of England; however, in many European languages the word marine or marina means "navy" – for example, in Dutch, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Danish, and Norwegian.
Because of this use of "marine" to mean "navy", exact one-word translations for the English term "Marines" do not exist in many other languages, which can lead to misunderstandings when translating, with the notable exception of the Dutch word marinier. Typically, marine forces in non-English speaking countries have names that translate in English to naval infantry or coastal infantry. In French-speaking countries, two phrases exist which could be translated as marine, "troupes de marine" and "fusiliers-marins"; similar phrases exist elsewhere, e.g., in Portuguese Fuzileiros Navais.

Roles

The principal role of marine troops is military operations in the littoral zone; operating from ships they are trained to land on and secure key points to around 50 miles inland, or as far as ship borne logistics can provide.
Marine units primarily deploy from warships using boats, landing craft, hovercraft, amphibious vehicles or helicopters. Specialist units are also trained in combat diving/combat swimming and parachuting.
As well as amphibious operations, marine troops are used in a variety of other, naval roles. Stationed at naval bases or forming marine detachments on board naval ships, they also conduct small scale raiding, maritime boarding operations, security of naval vessels and bases, riverine and coastal missions, mess duty, and field day operations.
In addition to their primary roles, they perform other tasks, including special operations and land warfare, separate from naval operations; ceremonial duties and miscellaneous other tasks as directed by governments.

By country

Argentina

The Argentine Marine Corps is a part of the Argentine Navy. Argentine marines have the same rank insignia and titles as the rest of the navy. It is composed of a fleet marine force, a southern marine force, a river operations battalion, a special forces unit and several security battalions and companies.
The Argentine Marine Corps dates from 1827 when a single infantry battalion was raised. This was expanded in 1880 but seven years later the corps was merged with the existing coast artillery, to form a Naval Artillery Regiment. A series of reorganizations followed until responsibility for coastal defense was passed to the Argentine Army in 1898. Between 1935 and 1938 the marines reappeared in the form of five battalions of Marine Infantry, serving both on board ship and in coastal defense fortifications. In 1968 the Infanteria de Marina was reorganized as a separate corps within the Navy. The 5th Battalion of the Argentine Marines fought in the Falklands War.

Australia

The marine and naval infantry designations are not, officially, applied to Australian Defence Force units, although some Australian Army units specialise in amphibious
warfare, including
The Royal Bahamas Defence Force is the navy of The Bahamas. Since the Bahamas does not have an army or an air force, its navy composes the entirety of its armed forces. The RBDF Commando Squadron is a sizable force of 500 Special Marine Commandos.

Bolivia

The Bolivian Naval Force includes about 2,000 naval infantry personnel and marines. These are organized into seven small battalions.

Brazil

The Corps of Naval Fusiliers, with about 15,000 men, is subordinate to the Brazilian Navy. The marine corps is composed of an operational brigade and some guard and ceremonial duty battalions. The main unit is the brigade-sized Divisão Anfíbia. Officers´ ranks and titles are the same as for the rest of the Navy.

Cambodia

During the 1970-75 Cambodian Civil War the Cambodian Marine Corps were active, but were effectively disbanded by the end of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. The Royal Cambodian Navy created a force of 2,000 marines in 2007.

Chile

The 4,200 strong Chilean Corps of Naval Infantry is a branch of the Chilean Navy.
Specialized in amphibious assaults and land fighting, the corps is build around four detachments based along Chile's long coasts at Viña del Mar, Talcahuano, Punta Arenas and Iquique. Each detachment is made by infantry battalions as well as tactical support companies comprising artillery, air defence and light tanks elements. There are also a number of independent companies and platoons, for security protection at naval bases, other shore installations and the Ministry of Defense.
The Viña del Mar and Talcahuano detachments contribute to the Amphibious Expeditionary Brigade. The detachment at Iquique includes a whole artillery group, equipped with Soltam 155mm howitzers for coastal defence and land fire support.
There is as a group of Marine Infantry commandos, which together with the group of naval tactical divers are part of the Navy's Special Operations Command.

China

The Chinese marines are known as the People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps and consist of 20,000 marines who are divided into three brigades. The PLAMC is a service branch of the PRC navy, and is therefore under the command of the PLAN Headquarters, alongside the Joint Staff Department and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. The majority of the PLAMC's personnel is based in the South China Sea.

Colombia

The 24,000-member Colombian Marine Corps is organized into a single division with four brigades, each with several battalions plus numerous small security units. It is a part of the Colombian Navy.
The modern Marine Corps dates from the establishment of two rifle companies in 1936. While remaining a small force the corps saw service during the civil war between Conservatives and Liberals of 1946-58; and provided volunteers for service in the Korean War. By the 1960s it had been expanded to a battalion of marine infantry plus five independent companies.

Cuba

The Cuban Revolutionary Navy maintains a small marine battalion called the Desembarco de Granma.

Denmark

The Guard Hussar Regiment maintains a marine squadron based in Almegårds Kaserne on the Baltic island Bornholm. The squadron is a part of the 3rd Light Reconnaissance Battalion and trains conscripts.

Ecuador

The 5,000-man Ecuadorian Navy maintains a 1,700-man Naval Infantry Corps headquartered in Guayaquil. Formed on 12 November 1962, it is organised into two security battalions, one in the Amazon River area and the other on the Pacific coast. There is also a commando battalion based on the Galápagos Islands.

Egypt

The 111th Independent Mechanized Brigade of the Egyptian Army can conduct amphibious assault operations. There is also the 153rd Commando Group with three Marine Commandos Battalions controlling 12 Marine Commandos Companies.

El Salvador

The El Salvador Navy included two 600-man Marine Infantry Battalions, and a 300-man Naval Commando Force. The BIMs were located at La Unión and Usulatan. The Salvadoran Marine Corps uses green pixelated and green woodland uniforms.

Finland

The Finnish Uusimaa Brigade in Ekenäs is the home of the Finnish Marines — the Kustjägarna / Rannikkojääkärit / or Coastal Jaegers. The Brigade is part of the Finnish Navy, and the only Swedish-speaking unit within the Finnish Defence Forces.

France

The Fusiliers Marins and Commandos Marine are naval personnel. The fusiliers marins protect vessels and installations, provide the navy with military training, augment boarding-landing parties and support operations of the Commandos Marine. The Commandos Marine are a seven company Commando formation whose roots can be traced to the Second World War. The Commandos Marine have evolved to be broadly comparable to the British Special Boat Service, with whom they exchange officers.
Troupes de Marine, are a branch of the French Army, renamed from the Troupes Coloniales who served in France's overseas territories to maintain or expand French interests. The modern Troupes de Marine have units permanently based in Africa: one battalion in Senegal, one battalion in Côte d'Ivoire, and one battalion in Gabon; in addition they man bases in the French Overseas Territories. The Troupes de Marine include infantry, paratroops, light cavalry and artillery. They now provide the large ground combat elements of French amphibious task forces and are specifically trained for that purpose. The 9th Marine Brigade is twinned with the 3 Commando Brigade of the Royal Marines, organising the exchange of officers and sharing training and exercises.

Germany

The :de:Spezialisierte Einsatzkräfte Marine|Spezialisierte Einsatzkräfte Marine was a special operations formation of the German Navy. The battalion included the Kampfschwimmerkompanie, the Minentaucher kompanie and a boarding-company. The unit was based at Eckernförde. The Marineschutzkräfte, was responsible for the protection of naval bases and facilities and also conducted small scale landings. The battalion was based in Eckernförde and was organized into five units: one staff & support company, three infantry companies, and an intelligence section.

Greece

The Greek 32nd Marine Brigade "Moravas" and the Amphibious Raider Squadrons are amphibious infantry and maritime operations units maintained by the Hellenic Army and supported by the Hellenic Navy.

Honduras

The Honduran Navy established at least one 600-man marine infantry battalion in 1982.

India

The Indian Army has amphibious units in the form of the 340 Independent Infantry Brigade under the Jodhpur- based 12 Corps, and the 91 Infantry Brigade. The Indian Navy also have MARCOS a specialised amphibious unit.

Indonesia

In Indonesia, the main amphibious warfare force and naval infantry of the Indonesian National Armed Forces is the Indonesian Marine Corps of the Indonesian Navy. As per May 2019, the corps has three divisions and is led by a two-star marine general as the commandant, and by a one-star marine general as the chief of staff of the marine corps. The Marine commandant reports to the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy.

Iran

Since the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the number of marines in the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy has expanded to 2,600 personnel, in two marine brigades, each composed of three battalions. Their mission is to provide security throughout the Arabian Sea and free waters, as well as securing routes for Iranian ships in the Gulf of Aden. The Navy of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps maintains several units which may perform marine-type functions, including at least one 5,000 man brigade of three or four marine battalions. It also has a Takavar naval commando battalion, called Sepah Navy Special Force. They are tasked with providing security in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, as well as conducting anti-piracy missions to assist Iranian ships.

Iraq

The Iraqi Navy is a small force with 1,500 sailors and 800 marines designed to protect the shoreline and inland waterways from insurgent infiltration. The navy is also responsible for the security of offshore oil platforms. The navy will have coastal patrol squadrons, assault boat squadrons and a marine battalion. The force will consist of 2,000 to 2,500 sailors by 2010.

Israel

Upon its revival in the 1980s the Givati Brigade was intended to serve as the amphibious infantry brigade of the Israel Defense Forces, but this was not put into effect.
Currently the 35th Paratroopers Brigade is the only brigade that has amphibious abilities as part of its Depth Warfare arsenal together with Parachuting and Air Assault.

Italy

Italian Navy
Italian Army
– Japanese marines tasked with offensive amphibious assault to retake islands.

Korea, South

The Republic of Korea Marine Corps is the marine corps of South Korea. Though theoretically it is under the direction of the Chief of Naval Operations, the Marine Corps operates as a distinct arm of the South Korean forces, unlike most other marine branches, which generally operate as part of the country's navy. It was founded as a reconnaissance force just prior to the start of the Korean War. The ROKMC has seen action in several major conflicts.

Korea, North

The Korean People's Army's Light Infantry Training Guidance Bureau has two or more amphibious light infantry/sniper brigades. These brigades are believed deployed to Wonsan on the east coast and Namp'o and Tasa-ri on the west coast. In organization and manpower, they are reduced versions of the regular light infantry brigades with a total strength of approximately 5,000 men organized into ten battalions. Each battalion has about 400 men organized into five companies each. Some amphibious brigade personnel are trained as frogmen.

Lebanon

Lebanon maintains an elite but very small in number "Navy Commando" regiment. Trained internationally and armed with mostly American and French made equipment and weaponry, the Lebanese Navy Commandos maintain elite but seldom recognized status as some of the most skilled and well-trained special forces in the Levant and wider Middle East.

Malaysia

Defence Minister Hishammuddin Tun Hussein said in a statement on 10 October 2013, Malaysia is planning on establishing a marines corps for amphibious operations. The Marine Corps will be drawn from all three services, with the majority of personnel coming from one of the three parachute battalions of the 10 Paratrooper Brigade, which will be re-designated as a marine battalion. The 9th Royal Malay Regiment and 8th Royal Ranger Regiment have both conducted amphibious warfare training as a secondary mission and most recently in June 2013 during the CARAT exercise with the US Marine Corps and subsequently in an amphibious landing exercise with French troops and the landing platform dock FNS Tonnerre. Malaysian government has yet to decide whether the marines will fall under Malaysian Army or Royal Malaysian Navy.

Maldives

The Maldives National Defence Force maintains a frontline ground combat force known as the MNDF Marine Corps. It is divided into Marine Deployment Units which acts as the force projection element MNDF. The MNDF Marine Corps, as a naval unit, works closely with the Coast Guard of the country.

Mexico

The Mexican Naval Infantry of the Mexican Navy consists of 25,000 marines spread in a brigade of three battalions, plus a battalion attached to the Presidential Guard Corps, three regional battalions with headquarters in Mexico City, Acapulco and Veracruz, and thirty-five independent companies and detachments distributed among ports, bases and zonal headquarters. The marines are responsible for port security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe, and patrolling major waterways. The marines have light arms, heavy weapons and armored amphibious vehicles. The Navy ceded most of its riverine responsibilities to the Army, reducing the size of the marine force, and deploying them back aboard ships where they play a vital role in drug interdiction and boarding of suspect vessels in territorial waters. In 2010, the Mexican Marine Corps began undertaking land-based counter-narcotics operations, in large part due to the marines' reputation of being Mexico's most trustworthy and unimpeachable force.

Myanmar

The Myanmar Navy raised a naval infantry battalion of 800 men in 1964, followed by a second battalion in 1967. Two more battalions may have also been raised. They were deployed mainly to the Arakan and Tenasserim areas, and to the Irrawaddy delta, to assist in counter-insurgency operations, but also performed other security duties.

Namibia

are a battalion-sized infantry unit of the Namibian Navy under the command of a naval captain. Its officers and men are part of the navy and use naval ranks though insignia is adopted from Brazilian Marine Corps, The Corps is primarily formed up of a Rapid Reaction Unit, Operation Dive team, Operational boat team and a Special Operations Commando Unit. Support Units include a provost company, service support company and a brass band.

Netherlands

The Royal Netherlands Navy naval infantry unit is the Netherlands Marine Corps, founded in 1665 as an infantry regiment to the Dutch Navy. They saw their first amphibious action in 1667 raiding the English coast during the Raid on the Medway. Their Latin motto is Qua Patet Orbis. Today, it is a brigade approximately 2300 marines strong, consisting of two marine infantry battalions, one amphibious combat support battalion and one logistical battalion. The Dutch Marine Corps is an elite light infantry unit, operating as a rapid-reaction force, deployable anywhere in the world within 48 hours. Dutch Marines train in all possible geographical and climate conditions for their role. Enlisted marine recruit training lasts 33 weeks, and marine officers train up to 18 months. It has its own Special Forces branch known as Netherlands Maritime Special Operations Forces.

Norway

The Coastal Ranger Command of the Norwegian Navy is an amphibious infantry unit trained to operate in littoral combat theatres, as naval infantry and coastal artillery. There is also an SBS type naval commando unit, the Marinejegerkommandoen.

Pakistan

The Pakistan Marines division of the Pakistan Navy was re-established on April 14, 1990, with about 100,000 men and plans to expand the force significantly by 2015. The marines are based at PNS Qasim naval base.

Paraguay

The Paraguayan Marine Corps is a battalion-sized organization consisting of four company sized brigades. In limited cadre form the Marine Corps dates from the late 19th century, although it only achieved significant existence when the three-battalion sized Regimiento de Infanteria de Marina Riachuelo was created in the final stages of the Chaco War of 1932–1935.

Peru

The Peruvian Naval Infantry consists of around 3,000 naval infantrymen and includes an amphibious brigade of three battalions and local security units with two transport ships, four tank landing ships, and about forty Chaimite armored personnel carriers. Since 1982, IMAP detachments have been deployed, under army command, in counter-insurgency operations.

Philippines

The Philippine Marine Corps has a strength of about 7,500 men divided into three brigades. The Philippine Marine Corps is considered the shock force of the armed forces and is the first unit to be involved in any amphibious or seaborne clashes.

Poland

The Polish Navy maintains several naval infantry units responsible for port and coastal security. The Polish Army maintains the 7th Coastal Defense Brigade, which bears traditions of the disbanded 7th Coastal Defence Division, therefore it is sometimes referred to as the Marines of Poland. there are no plans by the Polish Army to create an active marine unit. Therefore, the 7th Brigade carries out only limited-scale exercises of amphibious assaults.

Portugal

The third oldest marine corps in the world was founded as the Terço of the Navy of the Crown of Portugal in 1618. The Portuguese Navy still maintains this naval infantry corps, which is currently known as the Corpo de Fuzileiros. The Portuguese Marine Corps consists of about 1500 men, including two naval infantry battalions, a naval police unit, a special operations unit and several support units.

Romania

The 307th Marine Battalion is the light infantry/reconnaissance unit of the Romanian Naval Forces. It is located in Babadag, Tulcea County, and was formed in the mid-1970s for the defence of the Danube Delta and Romanian Black Sea shore.

Russia

The Russian Naval Infantry are the amphibious forces of the Russian Armed Forces. The naval infantry includes the 65th Naval Infantry Brigade of the Russian Pacific Fleet, the independent brigades of the Northern and Baltic Fleets and of the Caspian Military Flotilla, and the independent regiment of the Black Sea Fleet. The Russian Navy also has the Russian commando frogmen, an elite unit for underwater reconnaissance and special operations.

Saudi Arabia

The Royal Saudi Navy maintains two, 1,500-man marine brigades consisting of three battalions each. The brigades are assigned to the Western Fleet headquartered in Jeddah and the Eastern Fleet headquartered in Jubail. The brigades are equipped with 200 Pegaso BMR AFVs and HMMWVs.

South Africa

South Africa has not had a dedicated marine branch of its military since the apartheid era. A close analogue would be the South African Navy's Maritime Reaction Squadron, a marine-type unit which currently consists of four companies. It is planned that this squadron will eventually become a battalion-sized unit. Members are marines and use naval ranks. They are trained in infantry combat up to company sized operations. They are also used for crowd control and conduct peacekeeping operations. During peacekeeping operations they are meant to augment an army infantry battalion. Their role is very similar to the now disbanded South Africa Marine Corps from the apartheid era. The 4 Special Forces Regiment of the South African Special Forces provides South Africa its seaward Special Forces capability.
Another South African marine-like unit is the 9 South African Infantry Battalion of the South African Army is a seaborne infantry that carries out amphibious warfare operations.

Spain

The Spanish Navy Marines are the oldest existing marine force in the world, as they were established on February 27, 1537, by Charles I when he permanently assigned the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles to the Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo. Their red trouser stripes mark the Infanteria de Marina as part of the Royal Household Corps, an honor only shared with the Royal Guard, and were given by Charles III to the marines in reward for their fierce defence of the Castillo del Morro of Havana, Cuba against a British expedition in 1762.

Sri Lanka

The Sri Lanka Navy established its Sri Lanka Marine Corps in November 2016 and the first group of members were assisted in training by the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit of the United States Marine Corps. The unit became functional after the first group of members consisting of 6 officers and 158 sailors graduated from training on the 27th of February, 2017. This Battalion specializes in Amphibious Warfare.

Sweden

The Swedish Amphibious Corps is an arm of the Swedish Navy. The Corps consists of one battalion, tasked with reconnaissance, amphibious assaults and combat on, over and under the surface of the sea.

Syria

The Fouj Al-Mughawayr Al-Bahir is a unit based in Latakia Governorate. It has participated in operations in the Syrian Civil War.

Taiwan

The Republic of China Marine Corps is responsible for amphibious combat, counter-landing and reinforcement of the free area of the Republic of China, defense of ROCN facilities, and also functions as a rapid reaction force and a strategic reserve.

Thailand

is the naval infantry sub-branch of the Royal Thai Navy. Over the span of 60 years, the RTMC grew from the size of a regiment, to a 20,000 strong service branch.

Tonga

The Royal Tongan Marines is a sub-unit of the Tongan Maritime Force, which itself is a branch of the Tonga Defence Services. It is a single battalion-sized group composed of a Headquarters Company and three Light Infantry Companies.

Turkey

The Amphibious Marine Infantry Brigade Command is the marine force of the Turkish Naval Forces and consists of 4,500 men based in Foça near İzmir: in three amphibious battalions, an MBT battalion, an artillery battalion, a support battalion and other, company-sized units.

Ukraine

The Ukrainian Marines was founded in 1993 from a unit of the former Soviet Naval Infantry. It serves as a coastal defense force of the Ukrainian Navy. Also known by its official name, the Ukrainian Naval Infantry, the division sized sub-branch of the Navy is based in Mykolaiv.

United Arab Emirates

The UAE Marines is a battalion-sized unit equipped with BTR-3 armoured personnel carriers.

United Kingdom

The Royal Marines were formed in 1664 and are part of HM Naval Service. Apart from musicians, they have the longest basic infantry training in the world which stands at 32 weeks for an enlisted recruit and 64 weeks for a young officer. They include an amphibious and expeditionary brigade, a naval security unit responsible for guarding the UK's naval nuclear weapons and other security duties, a landing craft and boat-training group which is also a parent unit for three landing craft units deployed on amphibious warfare ships; and a naval musical branch. The RM has close international ties with allied marine forces, particularly the United States Marine Corps and the Netherlands Marine Corps/Korps Mariniers. "Marine" is also used as a rank in the Royal Marines, being equivalent to an army private. Their motto is "Per Mare, Per Terram", which is "By Sea, By Land" in Latin. The Royal Marines Reserve is the volunteer reserve force used to augment the regular Royal Marines in times of war or national crisis.

United States

The United States Marine Corps is currently the largest and only marine combined-arms force in the world. Created in 1775, it was originally intended only to guard naval vessels during the American Revolutionary War. While the USMC is a component part of the US Department of the Navy in the military command structure, it is a separate military branch from the United States Navy, with its own representative on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Corps’ major functions include: seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and... land operations... essential to... a naval campaign,... provid detachments and organizations for service on armed vessels of the Navy... security detachments for the protection of naval property at naval stations and bases... and such other duties as the President may direct... develop... those phases of amphibious operations that pertain to the tactics, technique, and equipment used by landing forces. It also conducts maritime boarding operations and operates its own aviation units mainly to provide air support to the rest of its forces. It also has other missions. These include, among others, providing personnel as security guards at US diplomatic missions throughout the world, and providing helicopter transportation for the President of the United States aboard Marine One. Its motto is Semper Fidelis, which means "always faithful" in Latin.
The United States Marine Corps Reserve is the reserve force of the United States Marine Corps.
;US Naval Infantry: Military and naval doctrine in the United States is that "Naval Infantry" is the use of: "... sailors performing as infantry, and sometimes providing land based artillery support..."

Uruguay

The Uruguayan Marine Corps is a battalion-sized organization consisting of four company sized brigades. However, given its small size, it's not a separate corps within the Navy, but regular naval officers are posted to the Marines as to any other Navy unit.

Venezuela

The Venezuelan Marine Corps is a sub-division of the Venezuelan Navy. Headquartered in Meseta de Mamo, Vargas, the estimated numerical strength of this unit is approximately 8,000 men and women. Its mission is to "enlist and direct its units in order to form the disembarking force and/or support of amphibious or special operations; executing naval safeguarding and environmental policing, as well as actively participating in the national development".

Vietnam

The Vietnam People's Navy maintains a naval infantry force. It once stood at eleven brigades each of several battalions. The first naval infantry unit was established in 1975 and was known as the 126th Brigade. Currently the Vietnam People's Navy maintains two naval infantry brigades which are the 101st Brigade and 147th Brigade.

Historical marine forces

Ancient Greece

The ancient Greek states did not possess specialized marine infantry; instead, they used hoplites and archers as an onboard contingent.

Ancient Rome

The Roman Navy used regular infantry as marines. Naval personnel were trained for raiding and also provided the troops for at least two legions for service on land. The various provincial fleets were usually provided with marines from the adjacent legions.

Australia

Several of the Colonial navies of Australia raised volunteer naval infantry and naval militia brigades in the second half of the 19th century. The Victorian Naval Brigade was formed in 1859, the Sydney Naval Brigade in 1864 and the Queensland Naval Brigade in 1873. Following the Federation of Australia they were combined into the Commonwealth Naval Militia. With the formation of the Royal Australian Navy in 1911 they were renamed the Royal Australian Naval Brigade. At its peak in 1915 it numbered 2,817 officers and men. The Naval Brigade was disbanded in 1920 and volunteers were absorbed into the Royal Australian Naval Reserve.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Though overshadowed by its Prussian counterpart, the Marinier-Korps as well as naval powers like the British, the French, the Spanish, and the Italians, Austria-Hungary maintained a small regiment of naval infantrymen complemented with an artillery corps dating back to Venetian times alongside the then Austrian Imperial Navy's “Corps of Sailors”. However, in 1868, as part of his naval reforms, then Commander Wilhelm von Tegetthoff abolished the Naval Infantry Regiment and the Naval Artillery Corps in favor of an enlarged and all-encompassing Matrosencorps as no marines had served aboard a ship for 10 years, and so from that point on sailors not serving on active warships received infantry drills & took up naval infantry duties.

Byzantine Empire

For several centuries, the Byzantine navy used the descendants of the Mardaites, who were settled in southern Anatolia and Greece, as marines and rowers for its ships. Emperor Basil I also established a separate marine regiment, 4,000 strong, for the central Imperial Fleet based at Constantinople. These were professional troops, and were counted among the elite tagmata.
In the 1260s, when emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos rebuilt the navy, he recruited the Tzakones and the Gasmouloi as special marine troops. Despite the progressive decline and virtual disappearance of the navy, they remained active until the late Palaiologan period.

Confederate States

The Confederate Marines were a branch of the Confederate States Navy and was established by the Confederate Congress on 16 March 1861; they were mainly defectors from the US Marines.

Denmark-Norway

was the naval infantry of the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy.

Estonia

The Meredessantpataljon, was a short-lived infantry battalion of the Estonian Navy. The battalion was created in 1919 from the crews of the Estonian surface warships and was based in Tallinn. The unit was mainly used on the Southern Front during the Estonian War of Independence. The unit was operational from March to June in 1919.

France

The Troupes de marine were founded in 1622 as land forces under the control of the Secretary of State of the Navy, notably for operations in French Canada. The Compagnies de la Mer were transformed in line infantry regiments by Napoleon, but became once more marine forces in 1822 and 1831. These Troupes de marines were in the 19th century the main overseas and colonial forces of the French military. In 1900 they were put under the orders of the War Ministry and took the name of Troupes Coloniales. In 1958 the designation of Troupes Coloniales was changed to Troupes d'Outre-Mer but in 1961 it reverted to the original Troupes de marine. Throughout these changes in title, these troops continued to be part of the French Army.

Gran Colombia

The Federation of Gran Colombia Marines were formed in 1822 and were disbanded in 1829, Personnel were mostly from Venezuela.

Germany

The Blackshirt militia maintained an independent Marine Group with four MVSN battalions.

Japan

During the feudal period, the Japanese used Ashigaru soldiers or regular Yumi archers as soldiers to protect ships from pirates.
In 1873 a short-lived marine corps was added to the newly-created Imperial Japanese Navy, using Britain's Royal Marines as a model. Considered unsuitable in its original form, the force was disbanded in 1878.
Both the Imperial Japanese Navy and Imperial Japanese Army subsequently established marine-type units. Both were dissolved at the end of World War II
The Imperial Japanese Navy's Land Forces maintained several combat units:
In the current Self-Defense Force, Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade was established and operated by 3,000 people.

The Netherlands

The Corps was founded on 10 December 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War by the unofficial leader of the republic Johan de Witt and Admiral Michiel de Ruyter as the Regiment de Marine. Its leader was Willem Joseph Baron van Ghent. The Dutch had successfully used ordinary soldiers in ships at sea in the First Anglo-Dutch War. It was the fifth European marine unit formed, being preceded by the Spanish Marines, the Portuguese Marines, the French Marines and the English Royal Marines. Like Britain, the Netherlands has had several periods when its Marines were disbanded. The Netherlands itself was under French occupation or control from 1810 until 1813. A new marine unit was raised on 20 March 1801 during the time of the Batavian Republic and on 14 August 1806 the Korps Koninklijke Grenadiers van de Marine was raised under King Louis Bonaparte. The modern Korps Mariniers dates from 1814, receiving its current name in 1817.
The battle honors on the Korps Mariniers' colors are: Raid on the Medway, Kijkduin, Sennefe, Spain, Dogger Bank, West Indies, Algiers, Atjeh, Bali, Rotterdam, Java Sea, Java and Madoera, New Guinea and Cambodia.

Ottoman Empire

The role of Ottoman naval infantry originated in Orhan's conquest of the Karasi Beylik and the capture of its fleet. From then on, Janissaries and Azaps were sometimes deployed as marines during the 14th Century. The Deniz azaps were used during the 16th Century; while troops called Levend were raised on and off over the centuries - over 50,000 of them by the late 18th century. The last raised units were the Ta'ifat al Ru'sa recruited from among the North African Arabs and indigenous Berbers. Ottoman marines were part of the Ottoman navy.

Portuguese Empire

Portugal raised numerous companies of Special Marines and African Special Marines, both at home and in the African colonies of Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique, for service in Africa during the Portuguese Colonial Wars. The African Special Marines were all-black units.

Russian Empire

The Imperial Russian Navy used several regiments of marine equipage troops that fought as much on land as they served in ship detachments. One battalion was formed within the Guard, and served on the Imperial family's ships.

Spain

The oldest naval infantry. Created February,27 of 1537 as Tercio de Armada by Carlos I. Miguel de Cervantes, famous writer, was a member of naval infantry at Lepanto Battle.

Soviet Union

The Soviet Navy had a number of small battalion-sized naval infantry and coastal defence units that mostly served in the ports and bases before the Second World War. During the war, and building on the visuals of the mutinied sailors of Petrograd in 1917, the Stavka ordered formation of naval infantry brigades from surplus ship crew or shore duty sailors, and forty brigades served in mostly ground troops roles until 1944 when they were used for amphibious operations in Norway and along the Black Sea coast.

South Africa

The South Africa Marine Corps was set up as a sub-branch of the South African Navy in 1979, with the primary purpose of protecting harbours. The Marines were disbanded in 1989, following a major restructuring of the Navy at the end of the South African Border War.

United Kingdom

Vietnamese dynasties had a long tradition of utilizing marines. This tradition went back no later than the Annam Protectorate of Tang dynasty when the governors built boats and trained marines to fight off pirates and invaders. The successive Vietnamese dynasties made full use of their marines' superiority at river and sea to launch successful campaigns against their northward and southward neighbors alike.
The forerunner of the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps was established by Ngo Dinh Diem, then prime minister of what was then the State of Vietnam on October 13, 1954. The Republic of Vietnam was established in October 1955 after Diem used a fraudulent referendum to topple Bao Dai. The VNMC became defunct on 1 May 1975 after the fall of Saigon.

Yugoslavia

The 12th Naval Infantry Brigade of the Yugoslavian Navy consisted of 900 to 2,000 men in three battalions. A multi-ethnic unit, the brigade was broken up during the dissolution of the Yugoslav federation and saw little action.