Marijuana, or marihuana, is a name for the cannabis plant and more specifically a drug preparation from it. "Marijuana" as a term varies in usage, definition and legal application around the world. Some jurisdictions define "marijuana" as the whole cannabis plant or any part of it, while others refer to "marijuana" as a portion of the cannabis plant that contains high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol. Some jurisdictions recognize "marijuana" as a distinctive strain of cannabis, the other being hemp. The form "marihuana" is first attested in Mexican Spanish; it then spread to other varieties of Spanish and to English, French, and other languages.
Etymology
The term, originally spelled variously as "marihuana", "mariguana", etc., originated in Mexican Spanish. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term may come from the Nahuatlmallihuan, meaning "prisoner". Author Martin Booth notes that this etymology was popularized by Harry J. Anslinger in the 1930s, during his campaigns against the drug. However, linguist Jason D. Haugen finds no semantic basis for a connection to mallihuan, suggesting that the phonetic similarity may be "a case of accidental homophony". Cannabis is not known to have been present in the Americas before Spanish contact, making an indigenous word an unlikely source. Other suggestions trace the possible origins of the word to Chinese ma ren hua, possibly itself originating as a loan from an earlier semitic root*mrj "hemp". The Semitic root is also found in the Spanish word mejorana and in English marjoram, which could be related to the word marihuana. This is also known in Mexico as "Chinese oregano". Additionally, traditional association with the personal name María Juana is probably a folk etymology. The original Mexican Spanish used forms with the letter , and is famously used in the Mexican Revolutionary era version of the lyrics of La Cucaracha. Forms using the letter seem to be an innovation of English, and their later appearance in French and Spanish are probably due to English influence.
English use
Early use of the term ''marijuana''
The word entered English usage in the late 19th century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known appearance of a form of the word in English is in Hubert Howe Bancroft's 1873 The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. Other early variants include "mariguan", "marihuma" first recorded in 1905, "marihuano" in 1912, and "marahuana" in 1914. The use of "marihuana" in American English increased dramatically in the 1930s, when it was preferred as an exotic-sounding alternative name during debates on the drug's use. It has been suggested that in the United States the word was promoted by opponents of the drug, who wanted to stigmatize it with a "foreign-sounding name". According to Lizzie Post, the word "marijuana" is deprecated because "in the early 1900s, the term marijuana was purposely used to negatively associate it with the Latino community." The word was codified into law and became part of common American English with the passing of the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937.
Contemporary pop culture and counterculture use
From the portrayal in the media of marijuana use by the hippie subculture in the 1960s, the word became associated with revolutionary youth. By 1975, reggae artist Peter Tosh defended the use of marijuana in the song "Legalize It". Since then, the word has been associated with the stoner comedy genre, in films including the 1978 Up In Smoke and other media including the New York Off-Broadway show The Marijuana-Logues.
