Major Rock Edicts
The Major Rock Edicts of Indian Emperor Ashoka refer to 14 separate major Edicts of Ashoka which are significantly detailed and represent some of the earliest dated rock inscriptions of any Indian monarch. For a full English translation of the Edicts: . These edicts are preceded chronologically by the Minor Rock Edicts.
History
was the third monarch of the Maurya Empire in India, reigning from around 269 BCE. Ashoka famously converted to Buddhism and renounced violence soon after being victorious in a gruesome Kalinga War, yet filled with deep remorse for the bloodshed of the war. Although he was a major historical figure, little definitive information was known as there were few records of his reign until the 19th century when a large number of his edicts, inscribed on rocks and pillars, were found in India, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan. In India, Places where rock edicts were found are – Kalsi, Uttarakhand; Sopara, Maharashtra; Mount Girnar, Gujarat; Yerragudi, Andhra Pradesh; Dhauli, Odisha; Jaugada, Odisha. These many edicts, of which Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts were the first and most impressive, were concerned with practical instructions in running a kingdom such as the design of irrigation systems and descriptions of Ashoka's beliefs in peaceful moral behavior. They contain little personal detail about his life.Authorship
The Major Rock Edicts are very generally attributed to Ashoka. Strictly speaking though, the inscriptions of the Major Rock Edicts, just as those of the Major Pillar Edicts, are not inscribed in the name of "Ashoka", but in the name of "Devanampriya", "Devanampriya Priyadasi" or "Devanampriya Priyadasi Raja". This title also appears in Greek in the Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription, when naming the author of the proclamation as βασιλεὺς Πιοδασσης, and in Aramaic in the same inscription as "our lord, king Priyadasin".The association of the Major inscriptions with "Ashoka" is only a reconstruction based on the 3rd-4th century CE Dipavamsa which associates the name "Ashoka" with the name "Priyadarsi", and an extrapolation based on the fact that the name "Ashoka" appears with the title "Devanampriya" in a few of the Minor Rock Edicts. Christopher Beckwith has suggested that "Priyadarsi" was a king in his own right, probably the son of Chandragupta Maurya known to the Greeks as Amitrochates, and Ashoka was either just a Buddhist legend or a much later king who authored the Buddhist Minor Rock Edicts around the 1st century CE.
Conversely, the Major Rock Edicts in the name of King Priyadasi do not have a clear Buddhist character, being mainly codes of conduct gathered under the name of "Dharma", and never mentioning Buddhism, the Buddha or the Samgha.
List of Major Rock edicts
The major rock edits of Ashoka include:; Rock Edict I
; Major Rock Edict II
; Major Rock Edict III
; Major Rock Edict IV : Dhammaghosa is ideal to the mankind and not the Bherighosa. Impact of Dhamma on society.
; Major Rock Edict V
; Major Rock Edict VI
; Major Rock Edict VII
is a portion of a Major Rock Edict in Greek recovered in Kandahar, Afghanistan, in 1963.
; Major Rock Edict VIII
; Major Rock Edict IX
; Major Rock Edict X
; Major Rock Edict XI
; Rock Edict XII
; Major Rock Edict XIII
; Major Rock Edict XIV
Language of the Inscriptions
Three languages were used, Prakrit, Greek and Aramaic. Four scripts were used. The edicts are composed in non-standardized and archaic forms of Prakrit. Prakrit inscriptions were written in Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts, which even a commoner could read and understand. The inscriptions found in the area of Pakistan are in the Kharoshthi script.Other Edicts are written in Greek or Aramaic. The Kandahar Rock Inscription is bilingual Greek-Aramaic. The Kandahar Greek Edict of Ashoka is in Greek only, and originally probably contained all the Major Rock Edicts 1-14.
Ashoka's edicts were the first written inscriptions in India after the ancient city of Harrapa fell to ruin.
Limited Buddhist character of the Major Rock Edicts
Several authors have pointed out that the Major Rock Edicts do not have a very strong Buddhist flavour, in particular compared to the Minor Rock Edicts. The subject of the Major Rock Edicts is the Dharma, which is essentially described as a corpus of moral and social values and neither the Buddha, nor the Samgha, nor Buddhism are ever mentioned. The only likely mention of Buddhism only appears with the word "Sramanas", who are always mentioned next to "Brahmanas", in what appears as a rather neutral enumeration of the major religious actors of the period. In the 12th Major Rock Edict, Ashoka also claims to be honouring all sects.In Major Rock Edict No.8 though, Ashoka unambiguously describes his pilgrimage to Sambodhi, another name of Bodh Gaya, the location of the Buddha's awakening. Ashoka also repeatedly condemns ceremonies and sacrifices, an apparent attack on Brahmanism. In the Major Rock Edicts Ashoka also expresses his belief in karma and rebirth, affirming that good deeds with be rewarded in this life and the next, in Heaven.
Overall, according to Christopher I. Beckwith, the author of the Major Rock Edicts probably adhered to an "early, pietistic, popular" form of Buddhism.
Description of the Major Rock Edicts
The Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka are inscribed on large rocks, except for the Kandahar version in Greek, written on a stone plaque belonging to a building. The Major Edicts are not located in the heartland of Mauryan territory, traditionally centered on Bihar, but on the frontiers of the territory controlled by Ashoka.Content of the Edicts
There are altogether 14 Major Rocks Edicts, forming a group which is duplicated with only slight variations in 10 known locations, and two Separate Major Rock Edicts, in Dhauli and Jaugada.Major Rock Edict 1
Asoka’s prohition of festivals and respect of animal life.Major Rock Edict 2
Asoka’s providing of medical services, for human and animals, as well as herbs and fruit plants, to kings on his borders, including Hellenistic kings.Major Rock Edict 3
Rules of morality and their implementation through Civil Servants.Major Rock Edict 4
Rules of morality.Major Rock Edict 5
Establishment and role of the Mahamatras.Major Rock Edict 6
Ashoka' management of government affairs.Major Rock Edict 7
The importance of self-control, purity of mind, gratitude, and firm devotion.Major Rock Edict 8
Morality tours by Ashoka. This Edict is remarkable in that it describes the visit of the king to Sambodhi, another name of Bodh Gaya. It is thought that Ashoka built in Bodh Gaya the Diamond Throne, in order to mark the place where the Buddha reached enlightenment.According to tradition, Ashoka was profoundly grieved when he discovered that the sacred pipal tree was not properly being taken care of and dying out due to the neglect of Queen Tiṣyarakṣitā. As a consequence, Ashoka endeavoured to take care of the Bodhi Tree, and built a temple around it. This temple became the center of Bodh Gaya. A sculpture at Sanchi, southern gateway of Stupa No1, shows Ashoka in grief being supported by his two Queens. Then the relief above shows the Bodhi Tree prospering inside its new temple. Numerous other sculptures at Sanchi show scenes of devotion towards the Bodhi Tree, and the Bodhi Tree inside its temple at Bodh Gaya.
The Kalsi version also uses the title "Devanampriyas" to describe previous kings, suggesting that the title "Denampriya" had a rather wide usage and might just have meant "King".
Major Rock Edict 9
Morality rather than ceremonies.Major Rock Edict 10
Strive for merit.Major Rock Edict 11
Morality, courtesy, meritorius deeds.Major Rock Edict 12
Respect other sects and not take pride in one's own.Major Rock Edict 13
Content: Asoka’s victory in the Kalinga war followed by remorse. Victory of morality in India and among the Greeks, as far as where the Greek kings Antiochus, Ptolemy, Antigonus, Magas and Alexander rule.The kings mentioned in Edict 13 as following the Dharma have been identified with the major Hellenistic rulers of the period:
Major Rock Edict 14
Objectives and modalities of inscriptions.First Separate Major Rock Edict
In Dhauli and Jaugada, on the east coast of India, in the recently conquered territory of Kalinga, Major Rock Edicts 11 to 13 were omitted from the normal complement of Edicts from 1 to 14, but two separate Edicts were put in their place. The First Separate Major Rock Edicts mainly addresses local officials referring to the requirements of a fair judicial system, and the system of control established by Ashoka through the Mahamatras, sent from Pataliputra, Ujjain and Taxila.Chronologically, it seems that the First Separate Rock Edict was actually engraved after the Second Separate Rock Edict. The first and second separate edicts seem to have been inscribed at about the same time as the other Major Rock Edicts, in the 13th and 14th years of Ashoka's reign.