Magdalena Valley dry forests


The Magdalena Valley dry forests is an ecoregion in Colombia along the upper Magdalena River, a large river that runs from south to north between the two main cordilleras of the Andes. There are many endemic species, but much of the original habitat has been destroyed by agriculture and over-grazing, mainly by goats.
The habitat is not protected by any national park, and is at risk of complete destruction.

Location

The Magdalena Valley dry forests ecoregion is in the valley of the upper Magdalena River, a river that flows north through the Andes to the Caribbean.
It has an area of.
The Magdalena River is the largest in Colombia.
The dry forests are almost entirely surrounded by the Magdalena Valley montane forests ecoregion.
At its northern end the dry valley merges into the Magdalena-Urabá moist forests.
It holds a small patch of the Northern Andean páramo ecoregion.

Terrain

The Magdalena River runs from the Central Massif between the Eastern and Central Ranges of the Andes north to the Caribbean.
The dry forest is in the upper section. Lower down the river runs through rainforest and then through swamps and wetlands.
The average elevation of the dry forest section is.
The valley floor is flat, with fertile alluvial soils and large deposits of ash from the Huila and Puracé volcanoes.
The dry Tatacoa Desert holds many vertebrate fossils dating from the Miocene era.
The best soils are in areas with piedmont and alluvial valley landscapes, which cover 54.41% of the valley and are irrigated for agriculture.
Areas of structural-erosional mountainous landscape cover 18.13% of the area and have no value for farming, so may be conserved as protected areas.
Most soils are neither strongly acidic nor alkaline, with pH levels of 5.8–7.5.
They have low or very low amounts of organic material, and low to medium levels of phosphorus.
69% of the soils are very susceptible to erosion and these mostly have low or very low natural fertility.
Where these soils are not covered by vegetation they may be washed away during the rainy seasons.

Climate

The Köppen climate classification is "Am": equatorial, monsoonal.
Annual rainfall in the Magdalena valley ranges from, distributed over two distinct rainy seasons.
The rainy seasons last from April to July and from October to December.
There is a water deficiency from April to September.
In the Tatacoa Desert there is less than of rain annually.
Mean annual temperature is.
Temperatures rise to about in July and August.

Ecology

The Magdalena Valley dry forests ecoregion is in the neotropical realm, in the tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests biome.

Relation with other ecoregions

The Magdalena Valley dry forests ecoregion is part of the Tumbesian-Andean Valleys Dry Forests global ecoregion, which holds six terrestrial ecoregions: Tumbes-Piura dry forests, Ecuadorian dry forests, Patía Valley dry forests, Magdalena Valley dry forests, Cauca Valley dry forests and Marañón dry forests.
The fauna and flora of the global ecoregion have high levels of endemism.
The climate has varied during the present Quaternary period as glacial and inter-glacial cycles alternate.
In glacial cycles the climate is drier and cooler by 2–8 °C. Moist/wet forests retreat to refugia while the dry forests of the Magalena Valley extend to connect with other dry forests in Colombia and Venezuela, although the extremely humid Chocó region may remain a barrier between the northern dry forests and those of Ecuador and Peru.
In inter-glacial cycles such as the present the warmer and more humid climate causes the moist forests to expand and dry forests to retreat into refugia.
In this model the dry pocket and surrounding forests are considered to be the Alto Magdalena Pleistocene refugium, a paleo-environment and a center of endemism.
Many species of plants such as orchids, or birds and butterflies are endemic to the ecoregion.

Flora

Vegetation in the Tatacoa Desert is thorny, and includes cactus species such as Opuntia and Melocactus species, Armatocereus humilis, Stenocereus griseus, Acanthocereus tetragonus and Pilosocereus colombianus.
The dry central pocket also includes umbrella-shaped woody species under including Pithecellobium bogotense, Capparis odoratissima, Bulnesia carrapo, Maclura tinctoria, Fagara pterota, Parkinsonia aculeta, Prosopis juliflora and Vachellia farnesiana.
Above the vegetation is replaced by montane cloud forest and páramo.
Endemic plant species include Steriphoma colombiana, Amaria petiolata and Pithecellobium bogotense''.
The endemic and highly endangered May flower, the national flower of Colombia, grows in the transition forests between the dry and moist regions.

Fauna

There are some endemic subspecies including the burrowing owl, crested bobwhite, velvet-fronted euphonia and eastern cottontail.
Endangered mammals include the white-footed tamarin and the mountain tapir.
Endangered reptiles include the Magdalena River turtle.
The region is home to the endangered tropical rattle snake Crotalus durissus.
Other endemic or endangered species from the humid forests of the foothills include the Colombian weasel.
Species that may be used as a source of income from supplying zoo nurseries, and thus less vulnerable, include red brocket, white-tailed deer, lowland paca, Central American agouti, eastern cottontail, tapeti, poison dart frog, toad, harlequin toad, tree frog, rain frog, foam nest frog, spectacled caiman, green iguana and boa constrictor.
297 birds species have been reported, of which 35 were directly associated with the forest.
Migratory birds of the Thraupidae, Parulidae and Accipitridae families pass through the region.
The western osprey visits the north of the region in the winter.
Parrots and hummingbirds migrate from higher regions.
Long after it was thought to be extinct and the yellow-eared parrot was rediscovered in the region.
The blue-billed curassow is no longer present.
Endangered birds include the recurve-billed bushbird.
, towards the north of the ecoregion

Status

The World Wildlife Fund gives the ecoregion the status of "Critical/Endangered".
Much of the original habitat has been destroyed by agriculture and overgrazing, particularly by goats, leaving only a few forest patches along creeks and the Cabrera River in Tolima Department.
Drilling and extraction of oil causes pollution around the Tatacoa desert.
The population is poor, with limited education, often living in unhygienic conditions in shanty towns around large farms.
On flat soils that can be ploughed by tractor the most common type of farming is irrigated rice production, rotated with sorghum and cattle.
Other farmers grow rain-fed sorghum with cotton, corn or sheep and cattle, or grow rain-fed sesame plants and fruit trees.
As of 2001, 69% of the area had been transformed by human activity.
Of total, had been converted to agricultural use.
There were no protected areas.
Maps of the region from the early 21st century show about 31 irregular and fragmented remnants of dry forest, with an average size of.
The ecoregion is considered to be at high risk of complete destruction.