Ma Yinsun


Ma Yinsun , courtesy name Qingxian, was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Tang, serving briefly as a chancellor during the reign of its last emperor Li Congke. to observe naming taboo for Song's founding emperor Zhao Kuangyin

Background

It is not known when Ma Yinsun was born, and all that is known about his family background was that he was from Shanghe. It was said that he had a weak personality. He was studious in his youth, and he particularly took after Han Yu in his writing style. At some point, he passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi class.

Service under Li Congke

Before Li Congke's reign

During the reign of the Later Tang emperor Li Siyuan, Li Siyuan's adoptive son Li Congke served as the military governor of Huguo Circuit. Ma Yinsun became Li Congke's assistant in Li Congke's role as governor. When Li Congke lost his governorship of Huguo due to the machinations of Li Siyuan's chief of staff An Chonghui in 930 and was forced to take up residence at the capital Luoyang with no real authorities, instead of leaving Li Congke, Ma followed Li Congke to Luoyang and continued to serve him. Later, Ma continued to follow Li Congke to his posts as the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality and then as the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit.
As of 934, Li Congke's adoptive brother Li Conghou was emperor. Dominating his court were his chiefs of staff, Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun, who suspected both Li Congke and his brother-in-law Shi Jingtang the military governor of Hedong Circuit. They decided to dislodge both Li Congke and Shi by issuing a number of orders, transferring Li Congke from Fengxiang to Hedong, Shi from Hedong to Chengde Circuit, and Chengde's military governor Fan Yanguang to Tianxiong Circuit. Li Congke feared that this was a deathtrap, and he consulted his staff members, most of whom suggested that he rebel. When he consulted Ma, Ma advised heading to Luoyang to pay homage to Li Conghou and then report to Hedong — a suggestion that the other staff members were openly contemptuous to. Li Congke ultimately decided to rebel, but respected Ma for his faithfulness. Li Congke's army soon defeated the army Li Conghou sent against him, and marched on Luoyang, but was killed in flight. Li Congke became emperor.

During Li Congke's reign

Li Congke, once he took the throne, commissioned Ma Yinsun as imperial scholar as well as Hubu Langzhong, a supervisory official at the ministry of census, and put him in charge of drafting edicts. Within the span of a year, he continued to promote Ma — first to Zhongshu Sheren, a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government ; then to deputy minister of rites ; Ma also continued to serve as imperial scholar.
In spring 936, Li Congke commissioned Ma as the Zhongshu Shilang and chancellor, with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi. However, it was said that because Ma was overly careful, he did not handle many of the responsibilities of chancellorship, and also was not seeing guests. Therefore, people referred to him as, "the one who does not open three things" — i.e., he did not open his mouth, did not open his seal, and did not open his gate.
Shortly after Ma became chancellor, Shi Jingtang, then still at Hedong, rebelled. The forces that Li Congke sent against him, commanded by Zhang Jingda, was defeated by the joint army of Shi and Emperor Taizong of Later Tang's northern rival Khitan Empire, and soon became surrounded by Khitan/Hedong troops at Jin'an Base. A second major general that Li Congke sent, Zhao Dejun, was not fully devoted to Li Congke's cause, and stopped well short of Taiyuan, while secretly negotiating with Emperor Taizong, hoping that Emperor Taizong would support him rather than Shi as Li Congke's replacement instead. Li Congke's own army stopped at Huai Prefecture, as Li Congke became paralyzed by fear. At that time, Ma, whom Li Congke had left at Luoyang, arrived at Huai as well. The other chancellors, anticipating that Ma would have good suggestions, stated, "Chancellor Ma has arrived. He must have suggestions on how to secure the state." Instead, all Ma did was offer silk to Li Congke, and had nothing else in terms of suggestions.
Soon thereafter, Zhang's deputy Yang Guangyuan assassinated him and surrendered the army at Jin'an to the joint Khitan/Hedong army. Emperor Taizong declared Shi the emperor of a new Later Jin, and Shi advanced south toward Luoyang. Zhao's army collapsed, and he was forced to surrender. Li Congke, finding the situation hopeless, returned to Luoyang and committed suicide with his family, ending Later Tang. Shi entered Luoyang shortly after and took over Later Tang's territory.

After Later Tang

In an edict that Shi Jingtang issued after entering Luoyang that declared a general pardon, he, excepting them from the general pardon, ordered the deaths of Li Congke's close associates Zhang Yanlang, Liu Yanhao, and Liu Yanlang. He singled out several officials whom he stated as not complicit with Li Congke — Ma Yinsun, Fang Gao, Li Zhuanmei, and Han Zhaoyin — such that they were removed from their posts but spared their lives.
In 939, Shi, apparently viewed his punishment of Ma, Fang, Han, and Li Zhuanmei to be too harsh, commissioned them various offices — in Ma's case, Taizi Binke — but then immediately ordered them into retirement.
In retirement, Ma made a complete turn in his spiritual beliefs. Previously, he had been a critic of Buddhism, taking after Han Yu, whose writing style he followed. Now, in retirement, he lamented Li Congke's fate bitterly, as he was still thankful for Li Congke's grace toward him. He began to study Buddhist sutras, hoping to gain divine favor and have the favor transferred to Li Congke's soul. He was particularly fascinated with the Avatamsaka Sutra and the Śūraṅgama Sūtra. He took to copy those sutras personally, and he wrote poems summarizing their theology, which he collected in a work titled the Faxi Collection, and further wrote a prose excerpt of key points from those sutras as well, titled the Fuguo Collection. When someone mockingly asked him, "You, Lord, throughout your life, had viewed Fu Yi and Han Yu to have the better view. How is it that your arrogance has turned to abjectness? Is it that Buddha is flattering you? Or is it that you are flattering Buddha?" Ma smiled and responded, "It would be too much for me to say that Buddha is flattering me."
Throughout Later Jin and the succeeding Later Han, it was said that because the officials knew that Ma liked to write, they often requested him to write for them. Ma also favored calligraphy, and whenever he was he wrote greetings to others, he would write it himself to show up his calligraphic abilities. After Guo Wei founded Later Zhou, he gave Ma, in addition to the title of Taizi Binke, also the title of acting minister of rites, but with his office at Luoyang rather than then-capital Kaifeng — in other words, keeping him in de facto retirement. He died in 953, during Guo's reign.