Ma Nishtana


Ma Nishtana, are the first two words in a phrase meaning "Why is tonight different from all other nights?" The phrase appears at the beginning of each line of The Four Questions, traditionally asked via song by the youngest capable child attending Passover Seder.
The questions are included in the haggadah as part of the Maggid section.

Origins

The questions originate in the Mishna, Pesachim 10:4, but are quoted differently in the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds. The Jerusalem Talmud only records three questions; why foods are dipped twice as opposed to once, why matzah is eaten, and why the meat sacrifice is eaten exclusively roasted.. The Babylonian Talmud quotes four questions; why matza is eaten, why maror is eaten, why meat is eaten exclusively roasted, and why food is dipped twice. The version in the Jerusalem Talmud is also the one most commonly found in manuscripts. As the paschal sacrifice was not eaten after the destruction of the temple, the question about the meat was dropped. The Rambam and Saadia Gaon both add a new question to the liturgy to replace it: "why do we recline on this night?" Ultimately, the question of reclining was maintained, in part to create a parallelism between the number of questions and the other occurrences of the number four in the hagaddah.

Contemporary tunes

Traditionally, Ma Nishtana is recited in the chant form called the major lern-steiger.
One of the current tunes widely used for the Ma Nishtana was written by Ephraim Abileah in 1936 as part of his oratorio "Chag Ha-Cherut".

Text

The following text is that which is recorded in the original printed Haggadah.
EnglishTransliterationHebrew
Why is this night different
from all the other nights?;		Mah nishtanah, ha-laylah ha-zeh,
mi-kol ha-leylot		מַה נִּשְׁתַּנָּה, הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה
מִכָּל הַלֵּילוֹת
That in all other nights we do not
dip vegetables even once,
on this night, we dip twice?		She-b'khol ha-leylot 'eyn 'anu
matbilin 'afilu pa`am 'achat,
ha-laylah ha-zeh, shtey p`amim		שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אֵין אָנוּ
מַטְבִּילִין אֲפִילוּ פַּעַם אֶחָת
הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה, שְׁתֵּי פְעָמִים
That on all other nights we eat both
chametz and matzah,
on this night, we eat only matzah?		She-b'khol ha-leylot 'anu 'okhlin
chameytz u-matzah,
ha-laylah ha-zeh, kulo matzah		שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכְלִין
חָמֵץ וּמַצָּה
הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה, כֻּלּוֹ מַצָּה
That on all other nights we eat
many vegetables,
on this night, maror?		She-b'khol ha-leylot 'anu 'okhlin
sh'ar y'rakot,
ha-laylah ha-zeh, maror		שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכְלִין
שְׁאָר יְרָקוֹת
הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה, מָרוֹר
That in all other nights
some eat and drink sitting with others reclining,
but on this night, we are all reclining?		She-b'khol ha-leylot 'anu 'okhlin
ushotin beyn yoshvin u-veyn m'subin,
ha-laylah ha-zeh, kulanu m'subin		שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכְלִין ושותין
בֵּין יוֹשְׁבִין וּבֵין מְסֻבִּין
הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה, כֻּלָּנוּ מְסֻבִּין

Alternate order

In the Ashkenazi tradition, the order is as follows: 1. Dipping the food 2. Eating matzah 3. Eating bitter herbs 4. Reclining. The Ashkenazi communities also omit the use of the word "ushotin", which means "to drink". The Chabad communities have changed their Ashkenazi tradition to be in line with the oldest extant haggadot

History

A fifth question which is present in the mishnah has been removed by later authorities due to its inapplicability after the destruction of the Second Temple:
The four questions have been translated into over 300 languages.

Answers

The answers to the four questions are:
  1. We eat only matzah because our ancestors could not wait for their breads to rise when they were fleeing slavery in Egypt, and so they were flat when they came out of the oven.
  2. We eat only Maror, a bitter herb, to remind us of the bitterness of slavery that our ancestors endured while in Egypt.
  3. The first dip, green vegetables in salt water, symbolizes the replacing of our tears with gratitude, and the second dip, Maror in Charoses, symbolizes the sweetening of our burden of bitterness and suffering.
  4. We recline at the Seder table because in ancient times, a person who reclined at a meal was a free person, while slaves and servants stood.
  5. We eat only roasted meat because that is how the Pesach/Passover lamb is prepared during sacrifice in the Temple at Jerusalem.
Some of these answers are stated over the course of the Seder.

Contemporary use

The four questions are traditionally asked by the youngest person at the table that is able to do so. Much of the seder is designed to fulfill the biblical obligation to tell the story to one's children, and many of the customs that have developed around the Four Questions are designed to pique a child's curiosity about what is happening in order to hold their attention.