In graph theory, the Lovász conjecture is a classical problem on Hamiltonian paths in graphs. It says: Originally László Lovász stated the problem in the opposite way, but this version became standard. In 1996, László Babai published a conjecture sharply contradicting this conjecture, but both conjectures remain widely open. It is not even known if a single counterexample would necessarily lead to a series of counterexamples.
Historical remarks
The problem of finding Hamiltonian paths in highly symmetric graphs is quite old. As Donald Knuth describes it in volume 4 of The Art of Computer Programming, the problem originated in Britishcampanology. Such Hamiltonian paths and cycles are also closely connected to Gray codes. In each case the constructions are explicit.
Another version of Lovász conjecture states that There are 5 known examples of vertex-transitive graphs with no Hamiltonian cycles : the complete graph, the Petersen graph, the Coxeter graph and two graphs derived from the Petersen and Coxeter graphs by replacing each vertex with a triangle.
Cayley graphs
None of the 5 vertex-transitive graphs with no Hamiltonian cycles is a Cayley graph. This observation leads to a weaker version of the conjecture: The advantage of the Cayley graph formulation is that such graphs correspond to a finite group and a generating set. Thus one can ask for which and the conjecture holds rather than attack it in full generality.
Directed Cayley graph
For directed Cayley graphs the Lovász conjecture is false. Various counterexamples were obtained by Robert Alexander Rankin. Still, many of the below results hold in this restrictive setting.
Special cases
Every directed Cayley graph of an abelian group has a Hamiltonian path; however, every cyclic group whose order is not a prime power has a directed Cayley graph that does not have a Hamiltonian cycle. In 1986, D. Witte proved that the Lovász conjecture holds for the Cayley graphs of p-groups. It is open even for dihedral groups, although for special sets of generators some progress has been made. When group is a symmetric group, there are many attractive generating sets. For example, the Lovász conjecture holds in the following cases of generating sets:
any set of transpositions corresponding to a labelled tree on.
Stong has shown that the conjecture holds for the Cayley graph of the wreath productZm wr Zn with the natural minimal generating set when m is either even or three. In particular this holds for the cube-connected cycles, which can be generated as the Cayley graph of the wreath product Z2 wr Zn.
General groups
For general finite groups, only a few results are known:
where .
Finally, it is known that for every finite group there exists a generating set of size at most such that the corresponding Cayley graph is Hamiltonian. This result is based on classification of finite simple groups. The Lovász conjecture was also established for random generating sets of size.
