Location estimation in wireless sensor networks is the problem of estimating the location of an object from a set of noisy measurements. These measurements are acquired in a distributed manner by a set of sensors.
Use
Many civilian and military applications require monitoring that can identify objects in a specific area, such as monitoring the front entrance of a private house by a single camera. Monitored areas that are large relative to objects of interest often require multiple sensors at multiple locations. A centralized observer or computer application monitors the sensors. The communication to power and bandwidth requirements call for efficient design of the sensor, transmission, and processing. The CodeBlue system of Harvard university is an example where a vast number of sensors distributed among hospital facilities allow staff to locate a patient in distress. In addition, the sensor array enables online recording of medical information while allowing the patient to move around. Military applications are also good candidates for setting a wireless sensor network.
Setting
Let denote the position of interest. A set of sensors acquire measurements contaminated by an additive noise owing some known or unknown probability density function. The sensors transmit measurements to a central processor. The th sensor encodes by a function. The application processing the data applies a pre-defined estimation rule . The set of message functions and the fusion rule are designed to minimize estimation error. For example: minimizing the mean squared error, Ideally, sensors transmit their measurements right to the processing center, that is. In this settings, the maximum likelihood estimator is an unbiased estimator whose MSE is assuming a white Gaussian noise . The next sections suggest alternative designs when the sensors are bandwidth constrained to 1 bit transmission, that is =0 or 1.
Known noise PDF
A Gaussian noise system can be designed as follows: Here is a parameter leveraging our prior knowledge of the approximate location of. In this design, the random value of is distributed Bernoulli~. The processing center averages the received bits to form an estimate of, which is then used to find an estimate of. It can be verified that for the optimal choice of the variance of this estimator is which is only times the variance of MLE without bandwidth constraint. The variance increases as deviates from the real value of, but it can be shown that as long as the factor in the MSE remains approximately 2. Choosing a suitable value for is a major disadvantage of this method since our model does not assume prior knowledge about the approximated location of. A coarse estimation can be used to overcome this limitation. However, it requires additional hardware in each of the sensors. A system design with arbitrary noise PDF can be found in. In this setting it is assumed that both and the noise are confined to some known interval. The estimator of also reaches an MSE which is a constant factor times. In this method, the prior knowledge of replaces the parameter of the previous approach.
Unknown noise parameters
A noise model may be sometimes available while the exact PDF parameters are unknown. The idea proposed in for this setting is to use two thresholds, such that sensors are designed with, and the other sensors use . The processing center estimation rule is generated as follows: As before, prior knowledge is necessary to set values for to have an MSE with a reasonable factor of the unconstrained MLE variance.
Unknown noise PDF
The system design of for the case that the structure of the noise PDF is unknown. The following model is considered for this scenario: In addition, the message functions are limited to have the form where each is a subset of. The fusion estimator is also restricted to be linear, i.e. The design should set the decision intervals and the coefficients. Intuitively, one would allocate sensors to encode the first bit of by setting their decision interval to be, then sensors would encode the second bit by setting their decision interval to and so on. It can be shown that these decision intervals and the corresponding set of coefficients produce a universal -unbiased estimator, which is an estimator satisfying for every possible value of and for every realization of. In fact, this intuitive design of the decision intervals is also optimal in the following sense. The above design requires to satisfy the universal -unbiased property while theoretical arguments show that an optimal design of the decision intervals would require, that is: the number of sensors is nearly optimal. It is also argued in that if the targeted MSE uses a small enough, then this design requires a factor of 4 in the number of sensors to achieve the same variance of the MLE in the unconstrained bandwidth settings.
Additional information
The design of the sensor array requires optimizing the power allocation as well as minimizing the communication traffic of the entire system. The design suggested in incorporates probabilistic quantization in sensors and a simple optimization program that is solved in the fusion center only once. The fusion center then broadcasts a set of parameters to the sensors that allows them to finalize their design of messaging functions as to meet the energy constraints. Another work employs a similar approach to address distributed detection in wireless sensor arrays.
