List of the most distant astronomical objects


This article documents the most distant astronomical objects discovered and verified so far, and the time periods in which they were so classified.
Distances to remote objects, other than those in nearby galaxies, are nearly always inferred by measuring the cosmological redshift of their light. By their nature, very distant objects tend to be very faint, and these distance determinations are difficult and subject to errors. An important distinction is whether the distance is determined via spectroscopy or using a photometric redshift technique. The former is generally both more precise and also more reliable, in the sense that photometric redshifts are more prone to being wrong due to confusion with lower redshift sources that have unusual spectra. For that reason, a spectroscopic redshift is conventionally regarded as being necessary for an object's distance to be considered definitely known, whereas photometrically determined redshifts identify "candidate" very distant sources. Here, this distinction is indicated by a "p" subscript for photometric redshifts.

Notably distant objects

1 Gly = 1 billion light-years.
, there were about 50 possible objects z = 8 or farther, and another 100 z = 7 candidates, based on photometric redshift estimates released by the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field project from observations made between mid-2002 and December 2012. Not everything is included here.

List of most distant objects by type

TypeEventRedshiftNotes
Gamma-ray burstGRB 090423z = 8.2Note, GRB 090429B has a photometric redshift zp≅9.4, and so is most likely more distant than GRB 090423, but is lacking spectroscopic confirmation.
Core collapse supernovaSN 1000+0216z = 3.8993
Type Ia supernovaSN UDS10Wilz = 1.914
Type Ia supernovaSN SCP-0401
z = 1.71First observed in 2004, it was not until 2013 that it could be identified as a Type-Ia SN.
Cosmic DecouplingCosmic Background Radiation creationz~1000 to 1089

Timeline of most distant astronomical object recordholders

Objects in this list were found to be the most distant object at the time of determination of their distance. This is frequently not the same as the date of their discovery.
Distances to astronomical objects may be determined through parallax measurements, use of standard references such as cepheid variables or Type Ia supernovas, or redshift measurement. Spectroscopic redshift measurement is preferred, while photometric redshift measurement is also used to identify candidate high redshift sources. The symbol z represents redshift.

List of objects by year of discovery that turned out to be most distant

This list contains a list of most distant objects by year of discovery of the object, not the determination of its distance. Objects may have been discovered without distance determination, and were found subsequently to be the most distant known at that time. However, object must have been named or described. An object like OJ 287 is ignored even though it was detected as early as 1891 using photographic plates, but ignored until the advent of radiotelescopes.