List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe
This is a list of all present sovereign states in Europe and their predecessors. The borders of Europe are difficult to define. The borders between Europe and Asia are generally agreed to be the Caucasus Mountains, the Ural Mountains, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.
| Sovereign state | Predecessors |
| Albania | Principality of Arbanon Kingdom of Albania Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto Despotate of Arta Princedom of Albania Principality of Kastrioti League of Lezhë  Ottoman Empire Independent Albania  Principality of Albania Albanian Republic  Albanian Kingdom Albanian Kingdom Albanian Kingdom Democratic Government of Albania  People's Republic of Albania Socialist People's Republic of Albania ' |
| Andorra | Roman Republic Roman Empire County of Urgell County of Foix ' |
| Armenia | Achaemenid Empire Kingdom of Armenia Persian Armenia Bagratid Armenia Safavid dynasty Afsharid dynasty Qajar dynasty Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia ' |
| Austria | Duchy of Austria Archduchy of Austria ' ' Republic of German-Austria First Austrian Republic Federal State of Austria German Reich Allied-occupied Austria ' |
| Azerbaijan | Achaemenid Empire Caucasian Albania Shirvanshah Kara Koyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavid Empire Russian Empire Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia ' Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic ' ' |
| Belarus | Kievan Rus' Grand Duchy of Lithuania Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Belarusian People's Republic Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Second Polish Republic Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Reichskommissariat Ostland ' |
| Belgium | Roman Republic Roman Empire Spain but within the Holy Roman Empire Archduchy of Austria within the Holy Roman Empire German Military Administration German Reich ' ' |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs  Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ' |
| Bulgaria | Odrysian Kingdom Old Great Bulgaria First Bulgarian Empire Second Bulgarian Empire  Principality of Bulgaria  People's Republic of Bulgaria ' |
| Croatia | Littoral Croatian Duchy Kingdom of Croatia Kingdom of Croatia State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs ' ---- Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Western Slavonia Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia Republic of Serbian Krajina Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia |
| Cyprus | Achaemenid Empire Roman Republic Roman Empire Kingdom of Cyprus Crown Colony of Cyprus ' |
| Czech Republic | within the Holy Roman Empire Czechoslovak Republic Czechoslovak Republic German Reich and Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ' Czechoslovak Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Czech and Slovak Federal Republic ' |
| Denmark | Kalmar Union ' |
| Estonia | Terra Mariana  Swedish Empire  Governorate of Estonia Reichskommissariat Ostland ' |
| Finland | Kalmar Union Sweden Grand Duchy of Finland ' |
| France | Roman Republic Roman Empire Roman Empire Western Roman Empire French Kingdom  French Republic French Empire  Kingdom of France French Kingdom French Republic French Empire French Republic German Military Administration French State German Reich ' ' |
| Georgia | Kingdom of Georgia Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Democratic Republic of Georgia Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic ' Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia ' Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic ' Republic of Georgia ' ' |
| Germany | ' and Kingdom of Prussia German Confederation German Reich German Confederation North German Confederation German Reich German Reich and Territory of the Saar Basin ' German Reich Allied-occupied Germany , West Berlin, Saar Protectorate ' and ' ' |
| Greece | Hellenic League Macedonian Empire Hellinistic States Roman Republic Roman Empire , Despotate of Epirus, Crusader/Feudal/Latin States: Latin Empire of Constantinople, Duchy of Athens, Principality of Achaea, Genoa, Venice , Kingdom of Candia, Kingdom of the Morea, Ionian Islands under Venetian rule, French Republic, Septinsular Republic Hellenic State , United States of the Ionian Islands , Cretan State , Free State of Icaria Hellenic Republic Hellenic State ' ' |
| Hungary | Province of Pannonia Kingdom of Hungary ' ' ' |
| Iceland | Icelandic Free State Kingdom of Norway  Denmark–Norway Kingdom of Iceland ' |
| Ireland | ' |
| Italy | Roman Republic Roman Empire Kingdom of Italy the Italian peninsula divided into many states c. 500–1861, among them the medieval Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire ' |
| Kazakhstan | Golden Horde Kazakh Khanate Soviet Russia ' |
| Latvia | Terra Mariana Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Swedish Empire Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic Reichskommissariat Ostland ' |
| Liechtenstein | ' ' |
| Lithuania | Grand Duchy of Lithuania Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Russian Tsardom French Occupation Russian Tsardom German Occupation  Kingdom of Lithuania ' First Soviet Occupation Reichskommissariat Ostland Second Soviet Occupation ' |
| Luxembourg | ' |
| Malta | Phoenicia Carthaginian Empire Roman province of Sicilia ' Abbasid Caliphate County of Sicily Kingdom of Sicily  Order of Saint John French occupation of Malta, La Nazione Gozitana  British Protectorate of Malta  Crown Colony of Malta  State of Malta Republic of Malta |
| Moldova | Dacian Kingdom Roman Empire First Bulgarian Empire Second Bulgarian Empire ' ' Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic ' ' |
| Monaco | ' |
| Montenegro | Duklja Serbian Grand Principality Kingdom of Serbia Principality of Zeta Serbian Despotate ' |
| Netherlands | , Frisian Kingdom, Duchy of Lorraine and County of Holland Burgundian Netherlands Seventeen Provinces  Republic of the Seven United Netherlands  Kingdom of Holland First French Empire United Kingdom of the Netherlands Reichskommissariat Niederlande ' |
| North Macedonia | Paeonia Macedonian Empire and Hellinistic States Roman Empire First Bulgarian Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Principality of Serbia and Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Prilep ' |
| Norway | Kingdom of Norway Kalmar Union Denmark–Norway Kingdom of Norway United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway Kingdom of Norway Reichskommissariat Norwegen Kingdom of Norway |
| Poland | Kingdom of the Piasts Kingdom of the Jagiellons Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Duchy of Warsaw , and the Kingdom of Poland Republic of Poland German Reich Polish People's Republic ' |
| Portugal | Roman Republic Roman Empire Umayyad Caliphate Emirate of Córdoba County of Portugal, within the Kingdom of León Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Portugal and Silves Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarve Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves  Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves ' |
| Romania | Dacian Kingdom Roman Empire First Bulgarian Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Romanian United Principalities Principality of Romania Kingdom of Romania Socialist Republic of Romania ' ' |
| Russia | Old Great Bulgaria Kievan Rus' Golden Horde Tsardom of Russia Polish-Lithuanian Occupation Russian Republic Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ' ' |
| San Marino | Roman Republic Roman Empire ' |
| Serbia | Principality of Serbia Duklja Serbian Grand Principality Kingdom of Serbia Moravian Serbia Serbian Despotate  Principality of Serbia Republic of Serbia ' Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo Republic of Kosova Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo ' |
| Slovakia | Czechoslovak Republic Czechoslovak Republic Slovak Republic ' Czechoslovak Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Czech and Slovak Federal Republic ' |
| Slovenia | State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs ' |
| Spain | Roman Republic Roman Empire Western Roman Empire Visigothic Kingdom Umayyad Caliphate Emirate of Córdoba Caliphate of Córdoba Kingdom of Asturias Kingdom of León Kingdom of Navarre County of Barcelona Kingdom of Aragon Kingdom of Castile Crown of Aragon Principality of Catalonia Kingdom of Majorca Kingdom of Valencia Unification of Spain and Spanish Empire Spanish Republic ' |
| Sweden | Kalmar Union United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway ' |
| Switzerland | Old Swiss Confederacy ' |
| Turkey | Achaemenid Empire Macedonian Empire and Hellenistic States Roman Republic Roman Empire Empire of Trebizond, Empire of Nicaea Seljuq Empire Seljuq Sultanate of Rum Karamanids ' |
| Ukraine | Old Great Bulgaria First Bulgarian Empire Kievan Rus' Principality of Kiev Kingdom of Russia Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russian domain of the Polish Crown Crown of the Kingdom of Poland Cossack Hetmanate, Zaporizhian Sich, Ottoman Ukraine, Sloboda Ukraine , Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Ukrainian People's Republic, West Ukrainian People's Republic Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Reichskommissariat Ukraine ' |
| United Kingdom | Roman Empire , Dál Riata, Kingdom of East Anglia, Kingdom of Mercia, Kingdom of Northumbria, Pictland, Kingdom of Strathclyde, Ireland, Principality of Wales and Kingdom of Wessex , and , and , and and ' |
| Vatican City | Roman Republic Roman Empire Kingdom of Italy Roman Republic ' '  Vatican City State' |