List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars

A

• Ali, Arabic grammarian, rhetoric, theologian, exegesis and mystic
• Aisha, Islamic scholar, hadith narrator, her intellect and knowledge in various subjects, including poetry and medicine.
• Avempace, philosopher, astronomer, physician
• Amir Kulal, Sufi mystic and scholar
• Ammar al-Mawsili, ophthalmologist and physician
• Ali al-Uraidhi, Muslim scholar
• Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal, physician and ophthalmologist
• Ali al-Hadi, Islamic scholar
• Ali ibn al-Madini, Islamic scholar and traditionalist
• Ali ibn Ridwan, astronomer and geometer with Khalid Ben Abdulmelik
• Ali al-Ridha, Islamic scholar and theologian
• Ahmad ibn Hanbal, theologian, ascetic, and hadith traditionist
• Ahmad al-Muhajir, scholar and teacher
• Ahmad ibn Yusuf, mathematician
• Ahmad ibn Abu Bakr al-Zuhri, Islamic scholar
• Apollodorus of Damascus, architect, engineer, and designer
• Abd al-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami, religious scholar of Sufism
• Abdullah ibn Umar, Islamic scholar and hadith narrator
• Abd Allah al-Qaysi, Muslim jurist and theologian
• Abd-Allah ibn Ibadh, hadith narrator and theologian
• Abd al-Hamid al-Katib, founder of Arabic prose
• Ibn Abbas, jurist and theologian
• Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad, Sufi saint and jurist
• Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi, Islamic scholar and a prominent hadith master
• Abd al-Aziz Yemeni Tamimi, Sufi saint and scholar
• Abu al-Fazal Yemeni Tamimi, Sufi saint and mystic
• Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali, grammarian
• Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, philosopher, Shafi'i scholar and theologian
• Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi, Islamic scholar and judge of Maliki law
• Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam, mathematician
• Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala' linguists and grammarian
• Abu Bakr al-Aydarus, religious scholar of Sufism
• Al-Ashraf Umar II, astronomer and ruler of Yemen
• Al-Akhfash al-Akbar, Arab grammarian
• Al-Awza'i, jurist and theologian
• Al-Asma'i, pioneer of zoology, botany and animal husbandry
• Ibn Abi Asim, scholar, famous or his work in the hadith science
• Ibn al-'Awwam, agriculturist and botanist
• Ibn al-Adim, biographer and historian
• Ibn al-A'lam, astronomer and astrologer
• Ibn al-Athir, historian and biographer
• Ibn al-Abbar, historian, poet, diplomat, theologian and scholar
• Ibn al-Akfani, Arab encyclopedist and physician
• Ibn 'Adlan, cryptographer and poet
• Ibn Arabi, Islamic scholar and philosopher
• Ibn Arabshah, writer and traveller

  B

• Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer
• Bahlool, judge and scholar
• Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi, mathematician
• Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveler
• Al-Baqillani, theologian, scholar, and Maliki lawyer
• Al-Battani, astronomer and mathematician
• Al-Baladhuri, historian
• Al-Buni, writer and mathematician
• Al-Bakri, geographer and historian
• Al-Baji, Sufi mystic and scholar
• Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi, mathematician, astronomer, Islamic scholar, Sufi, and astrologer
• Ibn al-Baitar, pharmacist, botanist, physician
• Ibn Bassal, botanist and agronomist
• Ibn Bassam, poet and historian
• Ibn Butlan, Arab Christian physician

  C

• Cosmas, Arab physician and saint
• Calid, Umayyad prince and alchemist
• Callinicus, historian, orator, rhetorician and sophist

  D

• Damian, Arab physician and saint
• Dawud al-Antaki, physician and pharmacist
• Dawud Tai, Islamic scholar and Sufi mystic
• Diya al-Din al-Maqdisi, Hanbali Islamic scholar
• Al-Damiri, zoologist
• Al-Dakhwar, physician
• Al-Darimi, Islamic scholar and muhaddith
• Al-Dimashqi, geographer
• Al-Dimashqi, Abu al-Fadl, writer and economist
• Ibn al-Durayhim, cryptologist
• Ibn Dihya, scholar of Arabic language and Islamic studies,
• Ibn Duraid, geographer, genealogist, poet, and philologist
• Ibn Daqiq al-'Id, one of Islam's great scholars in the fundamentals of Islamic law and belief, and was an authority in the Shafi'i legal school

  F

• Fatima al-Fihri, science patron and founder of the University of Al Quaraouiyine
• Fatima bint Musa, theologian and saint
• Al-Farahidi, writer and philologist, compiled the first dictionary of the Arabic language, the Kitab al-Ayn
• Al-Fasi, Abu al-Mahasin, Sufi saint
• Al-Farghani, astronomer, known in Latin as Alfraganus
• Ibn al-Furat, historian
• Ibn al-Farid, Arabic poet, writer, and philosopher
• Ibn Fadlan, writer, traveler, member of an embassy of the Caliph of Baghdad to the Volga Bulgars

  G

• Genethlius, sophist and rhetorician from Petra
• Al-Ghafiqi, 12th-century oculist
• Al-Ghassani, physician

  H

• Haly Abenragel, astrologer, best known for his Kitāb al-bāri' fi ahkām an-nujūm
• Harbi al-Himyari, alchemist
• Hasan al-Rammah, chemist and engineer
• Hamdallah Mustawfi, geographer
• Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Arab Christian scholar, physician, and scientist
• Heliodorus, sophist of Arab origin
• Hisham ibn al-Kalbi, historian
• Hafsa bint Sirin, scholar of Islam
• Harun ibn Musa, scholar of the Arabic language and Islamic studies.
• Harith al-Muhasibi, philosopher, theologian and Sufi scholar
• Abu'l-Hasan al-Bayhaqi, astronomer and historian
• Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi, traveler, merchant and sailor
• Abul Hasan Hankari, philosopher, theologian and jurist
• Al-Hamdani, geographer, historian and astronomer
• Al-Humaydī al-Azdi, historian
• Al-Harith ibn Kalada, physician
• Al-Hilli, Twelver Shia theologian
• Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, Egyptian historian
• Ibn al-Haj, scholar and theologian writer
• Ibn al-Haytham, physicist and mathematician
• Ibn Hawqal, writer, geographer, and chronicler
• Ibn Hubal, physician, scientist and author of a medical compendium
• Ibn Hisham, historian and biographer
• Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, jurist and theologian

  I

• Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī, mathematician and astronomer
• Ibrahim al-Nakhai, theologian, Islamic scholar
• Ibrahim al-Nazzam, Mu'tazilite theologian and poet
• Iamblichus, Neoplatonist philosopher, mystic and philosopher
• Iamblichus, novelist and rhetorician
• Ismail Qureshi al Hashmi, Sufi scholar
• Ismail al-Jazari, scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, artisan, artist
• Ibrahim ibn Adham, ascetic Sufi saint
• Ismail ibn al-Ahmar, historian
• Ishaq ibn Hunayn, physician and translator
• Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam, theologian and jurist
• Al-Idrisi, geographer and cartographer
• Ibn Abi Ishaq, earliest known grammarian of the Arabic language
• Ibn Ishaq, historian and hagiographer

  J

• Ja'far al-Sadiq, theologian and alchemist
• Jabir ibn Aflah, astronomer and mathematician who invented torquetum
• Jabir ibn Hayyan, polymath who is considered the father of chemistry, emphasized systematic experimentation and did much to free alchemy from superstition and turn it into a science
• Jābir ibn Zayd, theologian and jurist
• Al-Jawaliqi, grammarian and philologist
• Al-Jahiz, historian, biologist and author
• Al-Jayyānī, mathematician and author
• Al-Jawbari, alchemist and writer
• Al-Jabali, physician and mathematician from Al-Andalus
• Al-Jubba'i, Mu'tazili theologian and philosopher
• Al-Jazari, inventor, engineer, artisan, mathematician
• Al-Jarmi, grammarian of Arabic Language
• Ibn al-Jazzar, influential 10th-century physician and author
• Ibn al-Jawzi, heresiographer, historian, hagiographer and philologist
• Ibn Juzayy, historian, scholar and writer of poetry
• Ibn Juljul, physician and pharmacologist
• Ibn Jazla, physician and author of influential treatise on regimen
• Ibn Jubayr, geographer, traveller and poet, known for his detailed travel journals

  K

• Khalifah ibn Khayyat, Arab historian
• Khwaja al-Ansari, Islamic scholar
• Al-Khalili, astronomer who compiled extensive tables for astronomical use
• Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Islamic scholar and historian
• Al-Khayyat, astrologer and a student of Mashallah
• Al-Kindi, Arab philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, physician and geographer
• Ibn al-Khabbaza, historian and poet
• Ibn al-Kammad, astronomer
• Ibn al-Kattani, scholar, philosopher, physician, astrologer, man of letters, and poet
• Ibn al-Khatib, polymath, poet, writer, historian, philosopher, physician
• Ibn Kathir, influential Sunni scholar and historian
• Ibn Khaldun, historian, sociologist, and philosopher

  L

• Al-Laqani, mufti of Maliki law, a scholar of Hadith, a scholar of theology and author of one of the didactic poems on Ash'ari theology
• Al-Lakhmi, jurist in the Maliki school

  M

• Malik ibn Anas, theologian, and hadith traditionist
• Mariam al-Asturlabi,, female astronomer and maker of astrolabes
• Maslama al-Majriti, astronomer, chemist, mathematician, economist
• Moulay Brahim, Sufi saint
• Mujir al-Din, qadi and historian
• Mohammed al-Mahdi al-Fasi, mystic, biographer and historian
• Mohammed al-Arbi al-Fasi, author
• Mohammed ibn Qasim al-Tamimi, hadith scholar and biographer
• Mohammed ibn Nasir, theologian, scholar and physician
• Makhdoom Ali Mahimi, Muslim scholar and saint
• Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Islamic scholar, theologian and famous hadith compiler
• Mujahid ibn Jabr, Islamic scholar and jurist
• Mohammed ibn al-Tayyib, linguist, historian and scholar of fikh and hadith
• Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī, Muslim philosopher, mathematician and astronomer
• Muhammad al-Baghdadi, mathematician
• Muhammad Ibn Wasi' Al-Azdi, Islamic scholar of hadith, judge and soldier
• Muhammad al-Shaybani, father of Muslim international law
• Muhammed ibn Umail al-Tamimi, Arab alchemist
• Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam, physician, musician and astrologer
• Abu Mikhnaf, historian
• Abu Madyan, influential Andalusian mystic and a Sufi master
• Al-Masudi, historian, geographer and philosopher, traveled to Spain, Russia, India, Sri Lanka and China, spent his last years in Syria and Egypt
• Al-Maʿarri, blind Arab philosopher, poet and writer
• Al-Maqrizi, historian
• Al-Maqdisi, medieval Arab geographer, author of Ahsan at-Taqasim fi Ma`rifat il-Aqalim
• Al-Maziri, jurist in the Maliki school
• Al-Mubarrad, grammarian and linguist
• Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik, mathematician
• Al-Musabbihi, Fatimid historian
• Al-Muradi mechanical engineer and inventor
• Ibn al-Majdi, mathematician and astronomer
• Ibn Manzur, lexicographer and linguist
• Ibn Malik grammarian
• Ibn Mājid, navigator and poet
• Ibn Maḍāʾ, mathematician and grammarian

  N

• Niftawayh, grammarian
• Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji, astronomer and philosopher; the Alpetragius crater on the Moon is named after him
• Nadr ibn al-Harith, physician and practitioner
• Nafi ibn al-Harith, physician
• Abu Jaʿfar an-Nahhas, grammarian
• Al-Nawawi, hadith scholar
• Al-Nuwayri, historian and encyclopedist
• Ibn al-Nafis, physician and author, the first to describe pulmonary circulation, compiled a medical encyclopedia and wrote numerous works on other subjects
• Ibn al-Nadim, bibliophile of Baghdad and compiler of the Arabic encyclopedic catalogue known as 'Kitāb al-Fihrist'

  Q

• Qadi Ayyad, biographer and historian
• Qatāda ibn Di'āma, traditionalist, hadith, tafsir, Arabic poetry and genealogy
• Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, Islamic scholar
• Abū al-Ḥasan al-Qalaṣādī, mathematician from Al-Andalus specializing in Islamic inheritance jurisprudence
• Al-Qabisi, astrologer and mathematician
• Al-Qadi al-Nu'man, official historian of the Fatimid caliphs
• Al-Qalqashandi, writer and mathematician
• Al-Qushayri, theologian and philosopher
• Al-Qastallani, jurist and theologian
• Al-Qifti, historian
• Al-Qurtubi, muhaddith and faqih
• Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, Andalusian historian
• Ibn al-Quff, physician
• Ibn al-Qasim, jurist in the Maliki school
• Ibn al-Qalanisi, chronicler and historian
• Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, theologian, and spiritual writer
• Ibn Qudamah, theologian

  R

• Rabia of Basra, philosopher and Sufi mystic
• Rashidun al-Suri, physician and botanist
• Raja ibn Haywah, architect, jurist and Arabic calligraphist
• Rufaida Al-Aslamia, physician
• Al-Ruhawi, physician
• Ibn Abi Ramtha, physician
• Ibn al‐Raqqam, astronomer, mathematician and physician
• Ibn Rajab, Islamic scholar

  S

• Sahnun, Islamic scholar and Maliki jurist
• Said al-Andalusi, astronomer, historian and philosopher
• Said ibn al-Musayyib, jurist and theologian
• Sa'id ibn Aws al-Ansari, linguist
• Shihab al-Umari, historian
• Sayf ibn Umar, historian
• Sufyan al-Thawri, Islamic scholar and jurist
• Sa'id ibn Jubayr, theologian and jurist
• Sufyan ibn `Uyaynah, religious scholar and theologian
• Sidi Mahrez, scholar, jurist and Qadi
• Sibt al-Maridini, astronomer and mathematician
• Sulaiman al-Mahri, geographer
• Abu al-Salt, astronomer, physician and alchemist
• Abu Amr al-Shaybani, lexicographer and collector of Arabic poetry
• Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi, theologian
• Al-Shafi‘i, Islamic scholar
• Al-Sakhawi, hadith scholar and historian
• Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Twelver Shia theologian
• Al-Shatibi, Islamic legal scholar
• Al-Suwaydi, physician
• Al-Shifa' bint Abdullah, healer, wise woman and practiced folk-medicine
• Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi, Druze theologian and commentator
• Al-Suhayli, grammarian and scholar of law.
• Al-Ṣaidanānī, astronomer
• Ibn al-Shatir, astronomer, mathematician, engineer and inventor, worked at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria, developed an original astronomical model
• Ibn al-Saffar, astronomer
• Ibn al-Samh, mathematician and astronomer
• Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, geographer
• Ibn Sab'in, last philosopher of the Andalus
• Ibn Sidah, grammarian and lexicographer
• Ibn Sirin, mystic, psychologist and interpreter of dreams
• Ibn Sa'd, scholar and Arabian biographer
• Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, historian
• Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, Abu Bakr, Medieval theologian
• Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, Fath al-Din, Medieval theologian

  T

• Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, physician, mathematician, clockmaker and astronomer
• Taqi al-Din al-Subki, scholar, jurist and judge
• Taj al-Din al-Subki, historian and jurist
• Taqi al-Din Muhammad al-Fasi, historian, scholar, hafith, faqih and Maliki qadi
• Theodore Abu Qurrah, theologian and bishop
• Thābit ibn Qurra, mathematician, physician, astronomer, and translator
• Al-Tabarani, Islamic scholar
• Al-Tughrai, physician and alchemist
• Al-Tahawi, jurist and a hadith scholar
• Al-Tighnari, agronomist, botanist, biologist
• Al-Tamimi, physician from Palestine
• Al-Tawhīdī, philosopher and thinker
• Ibn Taymiyyah, theologian and logician
• Ibn al-Tiqtaqa, historian
• Ibn Tawus, astrologer
• Ibn Tufail, Andalusian writer, novelist, Islamic philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician, astronomer, vizier, and court official
• Ibn al-Thahabi, physician and author of the first known alphabetical encyclopedia of medicine

  U

• Usama ibn Munqidh, Arab historian, politician, and diplomat
• Urwah ibn Zubayr, historian and jurist
• Umm al-Darda , jurist and theologian
• Umm Darda al-Sughra, jurist and scholar of Islam
• Umm Farwah, hadith narrator and saint
• Al-Uqlidisi, wrote two works on arithmetic, may have anticipated the invention of decimals
• Al-Urḍī, astronomer
• Ibn Abi Usaibia, physician and historian, wrote Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba
• Ibn Uthal, physician
• Ibn Umail,, alchemist and mystic

  W

• Waddah al-Yaman, poet, famous for his erotic and romantic poems
• Wasil ibn Ata, theologian and founder of the Mutazilite school of Islamic thought
• Al-Warraq, scholar and critic of religions
• Al-Wafa'i, astronomer
• Ibn al-Wafid, pharmacologist and physician
• Ibn al-Wardi, historian
• Ibn Wahb, jurist of Maliki school
• Ibn Wahshiyya, Arab alchemist and agriculturalist

  Y

• Yahya ibn Aktham, jurist
• Yaʿīsh al-Umawī, mathematician, wrote works on mensuration and arithmetic
• Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud, mathematician
• Abu Yusuf, Islamic scholar
• Ibn Yunus, mathematician and astronomer

  Z

• Zayn al-Din al-Amidi, Islamic scholar and inventor
• Zethos, neoplatonist and disciple of Plotinus
• Zakariya al-Qazwini, physician, astronomer, geographer, and proto-science fiction writer
• Zakariyya al-Ansari, Islamic scholar and mystic
• Zayn al-Abidin, Muslim scholar and Twelver Imam
• Al-Zahrawi, Islam's greatest medieval surgeon, wrote comprehensive medical texts combining Middle-Eastern, Indian and Greco-Roman classical teachings, shaped European surgical procedures until the Renaissance, considered the "father of surgery", wrote Al-Tasrif, a thirty-volume collection of medical practice
• Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar, historian and genealogist
• Al-Zarqali, mathematician, influential astronomer, and instrument maker, contributed to the famous Tables of Toledo
• Ibn Zuhr, prominent physician of the Medieval Islamic period
• Ibn Zafar al Siqilli, Arab-Sicilian philosopher and polymath