List of plant hybrids


This is a list of plant hybrids created intentionally or by chance and exploited commercially in agriculture or horticulture. The hybridization event mechanism is documented where known, along with the authorities who described it.

Hybrids

SpeciesCommon nameFamilyHybridizationConfirmed or putative hybridization?Putative parental/introgressive speciesPolyploid or homoploid?Polyploid chromosome countReferencesNotes
Abelmoschus esculentusOkraMalvaceaeAllopolyploid originPutativeUncertainPolyploid usually 2n=4x=130Joshi and Hardas, 1956; Schafleitner et al., 2013Variable ploidy
Actinidia deliciosaKiwifruitActinidiaceaeAllopolyploid originPutativeActinidia chinensis and other Actinidia speciesPolyploid 2n=6x=174Atkinson et al., 1997
Agave fourcroydesHenequenAsparagaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedUncertainPolyploid 2n=5x=150Robert et al., 2008; Hughes et al., 2007Variable ploidy, polyploid event not recent
Agave sisalanaSisalAsparagaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedUncertainPolyploid 2n=5x=150Robert et al., 2008Variable ploidy, polyploid event not recent
Allium ampeloprasumGreat headed garlicAmaryllidaceaeIntraspecific hybrid originPutativeAllium ampeloprasumHomoploid–Guenaoui et al., 2013
Allium cepaCommon onionAmaryllidaceaeInterspecific hybrid originPutativeUncertain: Allium vavilovii, A. galanthum or A. fistulosumHomoploid–Gurushidze et al., 2007
Allium cornutumTriploid onionAmaryllidaceaeTriparental allopolyploid originConfirmedAllium cepa, A. roylei, other Allium speciesPolyploid 2n=3x=24Fredotovic et al., 2014
Ananas comosusPineappleBromeliaceaeInterspecific introgressionPutativeAnanas ananassoidesHomoploid–Duval et al., 2003
Annona × atemoyaAtemoyaAnnonaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedAnnona cherimola and A. squamosa?–Perfectti et al., 2004; Jalikop, 2010
Arachis hypogaeaPeanutFabaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedArachis duranensis and A. ipaënsisPolypoid 2n=4x=40Kochert et al., 1996; Bertioli et al., 2011
Armoracia rusticanaHorseradishBrassicaceaeInterspecific hybrid originPutativeUncertain?–Courter and Rhodes, 1969
Artocarpus altilisBreadfruitMoraceaeInterspecific introgressionPutativeArtocarpus mariannensis?–Zerega et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2013
Avena sativaOatPoaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedUncertainPolyploid 2n=6x=42Linares et al., 1998; Oliver et al., 2013
Brassica carinataEthiopian mustardBrassicaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedBrassica oleracea and B. nigraPolyploid 2n=4x=19Arias et al., 2014
Brassica junceaIndian mustardBrassicaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedBrassica nigra and B. rapaPolyploid 2n=4x=18Arias et al., 2014
Brassica napusRapeseed, rutabegaBrassicaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedBrassica rapa and B. oleraceaPolyploid 2n=4x=19Arias et al., 2014
Cajanus cajanPigeon peaFabaceaeIntraspecific introgression, interspecific introgressionPutativeWild Cajanus cajan and other Cajanus speciesHomoploid–Kassa et al., 2012
Cannabis sativaHempCannabaceaeIntraspecific introgressionPutativeCannabis sativa 'Indica' and 'Sativa' typesHomoploid–de Meijer and van Soest, 1992
Carica pentagonaBabacoCaricaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedUncertain
Castanea sativaChestnutFagaceaeIntraspecific introgressionConfirmedCastanea sativa Eurosiberian and Mediterranean populationsHomoploid–Villani et al., 1999; Mattioni et al., 2013
Chenopodium quinoaQuinoaChenopodiaceaeAllopolyploid originPutativeUncertainPolyploid –Heiser, 1974; Ward, 2000; Maughan et al., 2004
Cicer arietinumChickpea FabaceaeIntraspecific hybrid originPutativeCicer arietinum Desi and Kabuli germplasm?–Upadhyaya et al., 2008; Keneni et al., 2011
Cichorium intybusRadicchioAsteraceaeInterspecific introgressionConfirmedWild Cichorium intybusHomoploid–Kiaer et al., 2009
Citrus aurantiifoliaKey limeRutaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedCitrus medica and Citrus subg. Papeda?–Ollitrault and Navarro, 2012; Penjor et al., 2014; Nicolosi et al., 2000; Moore, 2001
Citrus aurantiumSour orangesRutaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedCitrus maxima and C. reticulata?–Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001
Citrus clementinaClementineRutaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedCitrus sinensis and C. reticulata?–Wu et al., 2014
Citrus limonLemon, limeRutaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedCitrus medica, C. × aurantiifolia, and other Citrus species?–Nicolosi et al., 2000; Moore, 2001
Citrus paradisiGrapefruitRutaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedCitrus sinensis and C. maxima?–Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001
Citrus reticulataMandarinRutaceaeInterspecific introgressionConfirmedCitrus maxima?–Wu et al., 2014
Citrus sinensisSweet orange RutaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedUncertain?–Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001
Cocos nuciferaCoconutArecaceaeIntraspecific introgressionConfirmedCocos nucifera Indo-Atlantic and Pacific lineagesHomoploid–Gunn et al., 2011
Coffea arabicaCoffeeRubiaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedCoffea eugenioides and C. canephoraPolyploid 2n=4x=44Lashermes et al., 1999
Corylus avellanaHazelnutBetulaceaeIntraspecific introgressionConfirmedWild Corylus avellana in southern EuropeHomoploid–Campa et al., 2011; Boccacci et al., 2013
Cucurbita pepoWinter squash, pumpkinCucurbitaceaeIntraspecific introgressionPutativeCucurbita pepo var. texanaHomploid–Kirkpatrick and Wilson, 1988
Daucus carota subsp. sativusCarrotApiaceaeIntraspecific introgressionConfirmedDaucus carota subsp. carotaHomoploid–Iorizzo et al., 2013; Simon, 2000
Dioscorea speciesYamDioscoreaceaeInterspecific hybrid origin, introgressionPutativeUncertainVariable–Terauchi et al., 1992; Dansi et al., 1999; Bhattacharjee et al., 2011; Mignouna et al., 2002Multiple species of putative hybrid origin including Dioscorea cayennensis subsp. rotundata and D. cayennensis
Diospyros kakiPersimmonEbenaceaeAllopolyploid originPutativeUncertainPolyploid Yonemori et al., 2008-
Ficus caricaFigMoraceaeInterspecific introgressionPutativeUncertain?Aradhya et al., 2010-
Fragaria ananassaStrawberryRosaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedFragaria virginiana, F. chiloensis Homoploid relative to parentals 2n=8x=56 Evans, 1977; Hirakawa et al., 2014Uncertain which species formed the octoploid progenitors-
Garcinia mangostanaMangosteenClusiaceaeAllopolyploid originPutativeGarcinia celebica and G. malaccensisPolyploid ? Richards, 1990Recent work shows this may not be of hybrid origin -
Gossypium hirsutumUpland cottonMalvaceaehybrid originConfirmedUncertain, referred to as 'A' and 'D'Polyploid 2n =4x=52 Wendel and Cronn 2003Polyploidization likely led to agronomically significant traits -
Hibiscus sabdariffaRoselleMalvaceaeAllopolyploid originPutativeUncertainPolyploid 2n=4x=72 Menzel and Wilson, 1966; Satya et al., 2013-
Hordeum vulgareBarleyPoaceaeIntrogressionConfirmedHordeum spontaneumHomoploidBadr et al., 2000; Dai et al., 2012-
Humulus lupulusHopsCannabaceaeIntraspecific introgressionConfirmedHumulus lupulus North American and European germplasmHomoploidReeves and Richards, 2011; Stajner et al., 2008; Seefelder et al., 2000-
Ipomoea batatasSweet potatoConvolvulaceaeIntraspecific introgression; Interspecific introgression?PutativeIpomoea batatas Central American and South American germplasmHomoploid relative to parentalsRoullier et al., 2013-
Juglans regiaWalnutJuglandaceaeInterspecific hybridizationConfirmedJuglans sigillataHomoploidGunn et al., 2010-
Lactuca sativaLettuceAsteraceaeIntraspecific hybrid originPutativeLactuca serriola and other Lactuca speciesHomoploidde Vries, 1997-
Lagenaria sicerariaBottle GourdCucurbitaceaeIntraspecific introgressionConfirmedLagenaria siceraria African/American and Asian germplasmHomoploidClarke et al., 2006-
Lens culinaris subsp. culinarisLentilFabaceaeIntraspecific introgressionPutativeWild lentil, Lens culinaris subsp. orientalisHomoploidErskine et al., 2011-
Macadamia integrifoliaMacadamiaProteaceaeInterspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgressionConfirmedMacadamia tetraphylla and other Macadamia speciesHomoploidHardner et al., 2009; Steiger et al., 2003; Aradhya et al., 1998-
Malus domesticaAppleRosaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedMalus sieversii, M. sylvestris, and possibly other Malus speciesHomoploidCornille et al., 2012-
Mentha piperitaPeppermintLamiaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedMentha aquatica and M. spicataPolyploid 2n=12x=66 or 72 Harley and Brighton, 1977; Gobert et al., 2002-
Musa paradisiacaBananaMusaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedMusa acuminata and M. balbisianaPolyploid 2n=3x=33 Simmonds and Shepherd, 1955; Heslop-Harrison and Schwarzacher, 2007; De Langhe et al., 2010-
Nicotiana tabacumTobaccoSolanaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedUncertain Polyploid 2n=4x=48 Kenton et al., 1993; Murad et al., 2002-
Olea europaeaOliveOleaceaeIntraspecific introgressionPutativeWild Olea europaea, western and eastern germplasmHomoploidKaniewski et al., 2012; Besnard et al., 2013; Breton et al., 2006; Rubio de Casas et al., 2006; Besnard et al., 2007; Besnard et al., 2000-
Opuntia speciesOpuntiaCactaceaeInterspecific hybrid origin, Allopolyploid originPutativeIncluding Opuntia ficus-indicaPolyploid, homoploidHughes et al., 2007; Griffith, 2004-
Oryza sativaRicePoaceaeIntraspecific introgression, interspecific introgressionPutativeOryza sativa 'Japonica' and 'Indica' germplasm, Oryza rufipogonHomoploidCaicedo et al., 2007; Gao and Innan, 2008-
Oxalis tuberosaOcaOxalidaceaeAllopolyploid originPutativeUncertainPolyploid 2n=8x=64 Emswhiller and Doyle, 2002; Emshwiller 2002; Emswhiller et al., 2009-
Pennisetum glaucumPearl milletPoaceaeIntraspecific introgressionConfirmedWild Pennisetum glaucumHomoploidOumar et al., 2008-
Persea americanaAvocado LauraceaeIntraspecific introgressionConfirmedPersea americana 'Guatamalensis', 'Drymifolia', and 'Americana'HomoploidChen et al., 2008; Davis et al., 1998; Ashworth and Clegg, 2003; Douhan et al., 2011-
Phoenix dactyliferaDate palmArecaceaeInterspecific hybrid originPutativeUncertainHomoploidEl Hadrami et al., 2011; Bennaceur et al., 1991-
Piper methysticumKavaPiperaceaeAllopolyploid originPutativePiper wichmannii and P. gibbiflorumPolyploid 2n=10x=130 Singh, 2004; Lebot et al., 1991-
Pistacia veraPistachioAnacardiaceaeInterspecific introgressionPutativePistacia atlantica, P. chinensis subsp. integerrimaHomoploidKafkas et al., 2001-
Pisum abyssinicumAbyssinian PeaFabaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedUncertain HomoploidVershinin et al., 2003-
Pisum sativumPeaFabaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedUncertain HomoploidVershinin et al., 2003-
Plinia caulifloraJaboticabaMyrtaceaeIntraspecific hybridization, interspecific hybridizationPutativePlinia 'Jaboticaba' and 'Cauliflora' germplasm; P. peruvianaHomoploidBalerdi et al., 2006-
Prunus cerasusCherryRosaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedPrunus avium and P. fruticosaPolyploid 2n=4x=32 Tavaud et al., 2004; Olden and Nybom, 1968-
Prunus domesticaPlumRosaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedUncertain 2n=6x=48 Zohary, 1992; Hartmann and Neumuller, 2009Also hybridizes with other cultivated Prunus species-
Prunus dulcisAlmondRosaceaeInterspecific introgressionConfirmedPrunus orientalis and other Prunus speciesHomoploidDelplancke et al., 2012; Delplancke et al., 2013-
Pyrus speciesPearRosaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedMany speciesHomoploidSilva et al., 2014Also introgression with semidomesticated populations -
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativusRadishBrassicaceaeIntraspecific introgressionConfirmedRaphanus raphanistrum subsp. raphanistrumHomoploidRidley et al., 2008-
Rheum cultivated speciesRhubarbPolygonaceaeInterspecific hybrid originPutativeUnclearHomoploid relative to parentals Foust and Marshall, 1991; Kuhl and Deboer, 2008Hybrids include: Rheum rhaponticum L., R. rhabarbarum L., R. palmatum L.-
Rubus speciesRed raspberry, blackberry, tayberry, boysenberry, etc.RosaceaeAllopolyploid origin, interspecific hybridizationConfirmedManyPolyploidAlice et al., 2014; Alice and Campbell, 1999-
Saccharum speciesSugarcanePoaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedSaccharum officinarum and S. spontaneumPolyploidVariable, 2n=10-13x=100-130 Grivet et al., 1995; D'Hont et al., 1996-
Secale cerealeRyePoaceaeInterspecific hybrid originConfirmedUncertain HomoploidBartos et al., 2008; Korzun et al., 2001; Hillman, 1978; Tang et al., 2011; Salamini et al., 2002-
Sechium eduleChayoteCucurbitaceaeInterspecific introgressionPutativeSechium compositumHomoploidNewstrom, 1991-
Setaria italicaFoxtail milletPoaceaeInterspecific introgressionConfirmedSetaria viridisHomoploidTill-Bottraud et al., 1992-
Solanum species section PetotaPotatoSolanaceaeInterspecific hybrid origin, allopolyploid origin, interspecific introgressionConfirmedIncluding Solanum tuberosum, S. ajanhuiri, S. curtilobum, S. juzepczukiiHomoploid and PolyploidRodriguez et al., 2010-
Solanum lycopersicumTomatoSolanaceaeIntraspecific introgression, interspecific introgressionConfirmedSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme and S. pimpinellifoliumHomoploidBlanca et al., 2012; Causse et al., 2013; Rick, 1950-
Solanum melongenaEggplantSolanaceaeInterspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression, intraspecific introgressionConfirmedSolanum undatum. and other Solanum species; wild S. melongena HomoploidKnapp et al., 2013; Meyer et al., 2012Hybrid origin is not confirmed, but introgression is well documented-
Solanum muricatumPepino dulceSolanaceaeInterspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgressionLikelySolanum species in Series CaripensiaHomoploidBlanca et al., 2007Polyphyletic origin and extensive, ongoing introgression with wild species-
Solanum tuberosumPotatoSolanaceaeIntraspecific HybridConfirmedDiploid potato lines crossed with S. chacoense containing Sli geneHomoploidLindhout et al., 2011-
Spondias purpureaJocoteAnacardiaceaeInterspecific introgressionPutativeSpondias mombinHomoploidMiller and Schaal, 2005-
Theobroma cacaoCacao MalvaceaeIntraspecific hybrid originConfirmedTheobroma cacao 'Forastero' and 'Criollo' germplasmHomoploidYang et al., 2013-
Triticum aestivumBread wheat, speltPoaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedTriticum turgidum with Aegilops tauschiiPolyploid 2n=6x=42 Matsuoka, 2011; Dvorak, 2012-
Triticum turgidumEmmer wheat, durum wheatPoaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedTriticum urartu and Aegilops speltoidesPolyploid 2n=4x=28 Dvorak et al., 2012; Matsuoka, 2011; Yamane and Kawahara, 2005-
Vaccinium corymbosumHighbush blueberryEricaceaeInterspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgressionPutativeVaccinium tenellum, V. darrowii, UncertainVander Kloet, 1980; Bruederle et al., 1994; Lyrene et al., 2003; Boches et al., 2006Possible hybrid origin during the Pleistocene-
Vanilla tahitensisTahitian vanillaOrchidaceaeAllopolyploid originConfirmedVanilla planifolia and V. odorataPolyploidVariable, 2n=2x=32 Lubinsky et al., 2008-
Vitis rotundifoliaGrapeVitaceaeInterspecific introgressionConfirmedMany Vitis speciesHomoploid2n=2x=38 Reisch et al., 2012; This et al., 2006-
Zea maysMaizePoaeceaeIntraspecific introgressionConfirmedWild Zea mays HomoploidVan Heerwaarden et al., 2011; Hufford et al., 2013-