List of nuclides


This list of nuclides shows observed nuclides that either are stable or, if radioactive, have half-lives longer than one hour. At least 3,300 nuclides have been experimentally characterized.
A nuclide is defined conventionally as an experimentally examined bound collection of protons and neutrons that either is stable or has an observed decay mode.

Introduction

252 nuclides are considered stable. Many of these in theory could decay through spontaneous fission, alpha decay, double beta decay, etc. with a very long half-life, but no radioactive decay has yet been observed. Thus the number of stable nuclides is subject to change if some of these 252 are determined to be very long-lived radioactive nuclides in the future. If a decay has been predicted theoretically but never observed experimentally, it is given in parentheses. Those that have been checked for radioactivity are indicated with "> number" and show the lower limit for the half-life based on experimental observation. Such nuclides are considered to be "stable" until a decay has been observed in some fashion. For example, tellurium-123 was reported to be radioactive, but the same experimental group later retracted this report, and it presently remains observationally stable.
The next group is the primordial radioactive nuclides. These have been measured to be radioactive, or decay products have been identified. There are 34 of these, of which 24 have half-lives longer than 100 trillion years. With most of these 24, decay is difficult to observe and for most purposes they can be regarded as effectively stable. Bismuth-209 is notable as the only naturally occurring isotope of an element long considered stable. A further 10 nuclides, platinum-190, samarium-147, lanthanum-138, rubidium-87, rhenium-187, lutetium-176, thorium-232, uranium-238, potassium-40, and uranium-235 have half-lives between 700 million and 1 trillion years, which means they have experienced significant depletion since the formation of the solar system about 4.6 billion years ago, but still exist on earth in significant quantities. They are the primary source of radiogenic heating and radioactive decay products. Together, there are a total of 286 primordial nuclides.
The list then covers the ~700 radionuclides with half-lives longer than 1 hour, split into two tables, half-lives greater than one day and less than one day. There are also more than 3000 radionuclides with half-lives less than an hour, listed are those that exist naturally in decay chains
Over 60 nuclides that have half-lives too short to be primordial can be detected in nature as a result of later production by natural processes, mostly in trace amounts. These include ~44 radionuclides occurring in the decay chains of primordial uranium and thorium, such as radon-222. Others are the products of interactions with energetic cosmic-rays such as carbon-14. This gives a total of about 350 naturally occurring nuclides. Other nuclides may be occasionally produced naturally but are difficult to detect by rare cosmogenic interactions or as a result of other natural nuclear reactions.
Further shorter-lived nuclides have been detected in the spectra of stars. The remaining nuclides are known solely from artificial nuclear transmutation. Some, such as caesium-137, are found in the environment but as a result of contamination from releases of man-made nuclear fission product. Other are produced artificially for industrial or medical purposes.

List legend

Each group of radionuclides, starting with the longest-lived primordial radionuclides, is sorted by decreasing half-life, but the tables are sortable by other columns.

Full list

Theoretically stable nuclides

nonuclideAZNenergy
156Fe562630
262Ni622834
360Ni602832
458Fe582632
552Cr522428
657Fe572631
759Co592732
854Cr542430
961Ni612833
1055Mn552530
1164Ni642836
1266Zn663036
1353Cr532429
1463Cu632934
1565Cu652936
1668Zn683038
1750Ti502228
1851V512328
1967Zn673037
2048Ti482226
2172Ge723240
2270Ge703238
2369Ga693138
2488Sr883850
2574Ge743242
2649Ti492227
2776Se763442
2871Ga713140
2978Se783444
3090Zr904050
3189Y893950
3286Sr863848
3382Kr823646
3484Kr843648
3573Ge733241
3687Sr873849
3775As753342
3880Kr803644
3977Se773443
4085Rb853748
4191Zr914051
4283Kr833647
4379Br793544
4481Br813546
4592Zr924052
4646Ti462224
4747Ti472225
4844Ca442024
4942Ca422022
5038Ar381820
5145Sc452124
5243Ca432023
5334S341618
5440Ar401822
5541K411922
5639K391920
5737Cl371720
5836S361620
5935Cl351718
6030Si301416
6132S321616
6233S331617
6331P311516
6428Si281414
6529Si291415
6627Al271314
6726Mg261214
6824Mg241212
6925Mg251213
7023Na231112
7122Ne221012
7220Ne201010
7316O1688
7421Ne211011
7519F19910
7617O1789
7718O18810
7812C1266
7915N1578
8014N1477
8113C1367
824He422
8311B1156
8410B1055
85 9Be945
86 7Li734
87 6Li633
88 3He321
89 2H211
90 1H110

Nuclides that are observationally stable and a theoretical decay mode of spontaneous fission

Nuclides that are observationally stable, but have theoretical decay modes other than spontaneous fission

Stable nuclides for which decay has been searched for but not found (only lower bounds known)

Primordial radioactive nuclides (half-life > 108 years)

nonuclideAZNenergyhalf-life half-life decay modedecay energy
253128Te1285276ββ0.868
254124Xe1245470εε2.864
25578Kr783642εε2.846
256136Xe1365482ββ2.462
25776Ge763244ββ2.039
258130Ba1305674εε2.620
25982Se823448ββ2.995
260116Cd1164868ββ2.809
26148Ca482028ββ4.274
262209Bi20983126α3.137
26396Zr964056ββ3.348
264130Te1305278ββ2.530
265150Nd1506090ββ3.367
266100Mo1004258ββ3.035
267151Eu1516388α1.964
268180W18074106α2.509
26950V502327β+, β2.205, 1.038
270113Cd1134865β0.321
271148Sm1486286α1.986
272144Nd1446084α1.905
273186Os18676110α2.823
274174Hf17472102α2.497
275115In1154966β0.499
276152Gd1526488α2.203
277190Pt19078112α3.252
278147Sm1476285α2.310
279138La1385781ε, β1.737, 1.044
28087Rb873750β0.283
281187Re18775112β0.0026
282176Lu17671105β1.193
283232Th23290142α, SF4.083
284238U23892146α, SF, ββ4.270
28540K401921β, ε, β+1.311, 1.505, 1.505
286235U23592143α, SF4.679

Radionuclides with half-lives of 10000 years to 108 years

Radionuclides with half-lives of 10 years to 10000 years

Radionuclides with half-lives of 1 day to 10 years

Radionuclides with half-lives of 1 hour to 1 day

nonuclideZNenergyhalf-life half-life decay modenotes
677197mHg8011723.8IT
678187W7411323.7β
679248mBk9715123.7β, EC
680173Hf7210123.6β+
68196Nb415523.4β
682154m2Tb658922.7β+, IT
683236mNp9314322.5EC, β
68443K192422.3β
685182Os7610622.1β+
686228Pa9113722.0β+, α
68748Cr242421.6β+
688154Tb658921.5β+, β
689200Pb8211821.5β+
690112Pd466621.0β
69128Mg121620.9βCG
692100Rh455520.8β+
693133I538020.8β
694122Xe546820.1β+
695255Fm10015520.1α, SF
69695Tc435220.0β+
697181Re7510619.9β+
698197Pt7811919.9β
699135La577819.5β+
700194Ir7711719.3β
701142Pr598319.1β,EC
702200mAu7912118.7β, IT
703159Gd649518.5β
704135Ce587717.7β+
705193Au7911417.7β+
706151Tb658617.6β+, α
70755Co272817.5β+
708152Tb658717.5β+, α
709188Re7511317.0βIM
710125Xe547116.9β+
71197Zr405716.7β
712186Ir7710916.6β+
71386Zr404616.5β+
71476Br354116.2β+
715119Te526716.1EC, e+
716242Am9514716.0β, EC
717170Hf729816.0β+
718157Eu639415.2β
71924Na111315.0βCG, IM
72076Kr364014.8β+
72186Y394714.7β+
722211Rn8612514.6β+, α
72390Nb414914.6β+
724185Ir7710814.4β+
725240U9214814.1βDP
72672Ga314114.1β
72769mZn303913.8IT, β
728109Pd466313.7β
72987mY394813.4IT, β+
730123I537013.2β+IM
731191mOs7611513.1IT
732183Os7610713.0β+
733150mEu638712.8β, β+
73464Cu293512.7β+, β IM
735182mRe7510712.7β+
736200Pt7812212.5β
737130I537712.4β
73842K192312.3βIM
739171Hf729912.1β+
740239Am9514411.9β+, α
741193mHg8011311.8β+, IT
742203Bi8312011.8β+
74377Ge324511.3β
744204Bi8312111.2β+
745189Pt7811110.9β+
746212Pb8213010.6βDP, IM
747195Hg8011510.5β+
748175Ta7310210.5β+
749245Pu9415110.5β
750187Ir7711010.5β+
751165Er689710.4β+
75293Y395410.2β
753244Am9514910.1β
754266Lr10316310.0SF
755154m1Tb65899.99β+, IT
756183mOs761079.90β+, IT
757155Dy66899.90β+
75891Sr38539.63β
759196m2Au791179.60IT
76066Ga31359.49β+
761156Sm62949.40β
762127Te52759.35β
763201Pb821199.33β+
764152mEu63899.31β, β+
76562Zn30329.19β+
766135Xe54819.14β
76758mCo27319.10IT
768128Sb51779.01β
769137Ce58799.00β+
770234Pu941408.80β+, α
771184Ta731118.70β
772250Es991518.60β+, α
773101Pd46558.47β+
77452Fe26268.28β+
775173Tm691048.24β
776180Ta731078.15EC, β
777157Dy66918.14β+
778210At851258.10β+, α
779176Ta731038.09β+
780166Tm69977.70β+
781256mEs991577.60β
782171Er681037.52β
783199Tl811187.42β+
784211At851267.21β+, α
78573Se34397.15β+
78693mMo42516.85IT, β+
787234Pa911436.70βDP
788135I53826.57β
789107Cd48596.50β+
79082mRb37456.47β+, IT
791153Dy66876.40β+, α
792127Cs55726.25β+
793228Ac891396.15βDP
79499mTc43566.01IT, β IM
795145Pr59865.98β
796189mOs761135.81IT
797207Po841235.80β+, α
79890Mo42485.56β+
799257Md1011565.52EC, α, SF
800111mPd46655.50IT, β
801139mNd60795.50β+, IT
802180mHf721085.47IT, β
803209At851245.41β+, α
804113Ag47665.37β
805156m2Tb65915.30IT, β+
806198Tl811175.30β+
807251Fm1001515.30β+, α
808138Nd60785.04β+
809160mHo67935.02IT, β+
810118mSb51675.00β+
811243Pu941494.96β
812192Au791134.94β+
813110In49614.90β+
814133mCe58754.90β+
81594Tc43514.88β+
81685mY39464.86β+, IT
81773Ga31424.86β
818192Hg801124.85β+
819132La57754.80β+
82099mRh45544.70β+, IT
821267Db1051624.60SF
822179Lu711084.59β
82381Rb37444.57β+IM
824243Bk971464.50β+, α
825115mIn49664.49IT, β
82685mKr36494.48β, IT
827105Ru44614.44β
82880mBr35454.42IT
829139Pr59804.41β+
830129Sb51784.40β
831244Bk971474.35β+, α
832109In49604.20β+
833184Hf721124.12β
834149Tb65844.12β+, α
835110Sn50604.11β+
83644Sc21233.97β+
83771mZn30413.96β, IT
838141La57843.92β
839133La57763.91β+
84043Sc21223.89β+
841195mIr771183.80β, IT
842193Hg801133.80β+
843176mLu711053.66β, EC
844262Lr1031593.60SF, β+, α
845202mPb821203.54IT, β+
84692Y39533.54β
847204Po841203.53β+, α
848132Ce58743.51β+
849150Tb65853.48β+, α
850117mCd48693.36β
85161Cu29323.33β+
852209Pb821273.25βDP
853254Fm1001543.24α, SF
854250Bk971533.21β
855161Er68933.21β+
856190mRe751153.20β, IT
85790mY39513.19IT, β
858191Au791123.18β+
859173Ta731003.14β+
860112Ag47653.13β
861247Cf981493.11β+, α
862184Ir771073.09β+
863190m3Ir771133.09β+, IT
86445Ti22233.08β+
865167Ho671003.00β
866134Sm62722.91IT
867239Cm961432.90β+, α
868197Tl811162.84β+
86988Kr36522.84β
87038S16222.84β
87187mSr38492.82IT, EC
872117Sb51662.80β+
873224Ac891352.78β+, α, β
87493Tc43502.75β+
87585Y39462.68β+
876150Pm61892.68β
87792Sr38542.66β
878256Fm1001562.63SF, α
87931Si14172.62βCG
88056Mn25312.58β
88165Ni28372.52β
882195Ir771182.50β
883176W741022.50β+
884117Cd48692.49β
885116Te52642.49β+
886141Nd60812.49β+
887161Ho67942.48β+
888210Rn861242.40α, β+
889198Pb821162.40β+
890238Cm961422.40β+, α
89183Br35482.40β
892152Dy66862.38β+, α IM
893178mTa731052.36β+
894187Pt781092.35β+
895165Dy66992.33β
896267Rf1041632.30SF
897132I53792.30β
898158Er68902.29β+
89966Ge32342.26β+
900129Ba56732.23β+
901150Sm62882.22β+, α
902177W741032.20β+
903106mRh45612.18β
904129mBa56732.16β+, IT
905138mPr59792.12β+
906121I53682.12β+
907127Sn50772.10β
908123Xe54692.08β+
909186Pt781082.08β+, α
910245Am951502.05β
91189Nb41482.03β+
912195mOs761192.00β, IT
913117mIn49681.94β, IT
914186mIr771091.92β+, IT
915177Yb701071.91β
916198mTl811171.87β+, IT
917196Tl811151.84β+
91883m2Kr36471.83IT
91918F991.83β+CG,IM
92041Ar18231.83βCG
921163Tm69941.81β+
922239Pa911481.80β
923201Bi831181.80β+, α
924207At851221.80β+, α
925224Rn861381.78β
92680Sr38421.77β+
927181Os761051.75β+
928205Po841211.74β+, α
929149Nd60891.73β
930202Bi831191.72β+, α
931249Es991501.70β+~, α
932147Tb65821.70β+
93387Zr40471.68β+
934126Ba56701.67β+
935113mIn49641.66IT
93661Co27341.65β
93795Ru44511.64β+
938238Am951431.63β+
939208At851231.63β+, α
940133Ce58751.62β+
94175Br35401.61β+
942152m5Eu63891.60IT
943259Md1011581.60SF, α
944197mPt781191.59IT, β
945230Ra881421.55β
946142La57851.52β
94778As33451.51β
948199Pb821171.50β+
94978Ge32461.47β
950255Cf981571.42β
951196mTl811151.41β+, IT
952196mIr771191.40β, IT
953132mI53791.39IT, β
954139Ba56831.38β
95575Ge32431.38β
956120I53671.36β+
957266Db1051611.33α ?, SF ?, β+ ?
958256Md1011551.28β+, α, SF
959137Pr59781.28β+
96087Kr36511.27β
961164Yb70941.26β+
962163Er68951.25β+
96377Kr36411.24β+
964178Yb701081.23β
965237Am951421.22β+
966142Sm62801.21β+
96797Nb41561.20β
968185Pt781071.18β+
969195Tl811141.16β+
970129Te52771.16β
971104Ag47571.15β+
972110mIn49611.15β+
973174Ta731011.14β+
97468Ga31371.13β+IM
97585mSr38471.13IT, β+
976190mIr771131.12IT
977162mHo67951.12IT, β+
978204m2Pb821221.12IT
97989mNb41481.10β+
980103Ag47561.10β+
981249Cm961531.07β
982183Hf721111.07β
983229Ac891401.05β
984117Te52651.03β+
985240Np931471.03βDP
986182mHf721101.03β, IT
987212Bi831291.01βDP
988116mSb51651.01β+
989148Tb65831.00β+
990270Db1051651.00α, SF, ε?

Radionuclides with half-lives of 1 minute to 1 hour

Radionuclides with half-lives of 1 second to 1 minute

Radionuclides with half-lives less than 1 second