List of loanwords in Tagalog
The Tagalog language has developed a unique vocabulary since its inception from its Austronesian roots.
Spanish
The Filipino language incorporated Spanish loanwords as a result of 333 years of contact with the Spanish language. In their review of a Pilipino-English dictionary, Llamzon and Thorpe point out that 33% of word roots are of Spanish origin. An example is the sentence below in which Spanish–derived words are in italics :The adoption of the Abakada alphabet in 1940 changed the spelling of most of the Spanish loanwords present in the Filipino language. The loanwords derived from the Spanish language have their original spellings indigenized according to the rules of the Abakada alphabet. Examples include:
Other loanwords derived from the Spanish language underwent spelling and pronunciation changes. Vowel changes can be observed to some of the Spanish words upon adoption into the Filipino language. For example, an /i/ to /a/ vowel shift can be observed in the Filipino word paminta, which came from the Spanish word pimienta. A rare vowel change from /e/ to /u/ can be observed in the words unano and umpisa. Other words derived from Spanish underwent vowel deletion upon adoption into the Filipino language, such as the words pusta, tarantado, kursonada, Pasko and labi. Consonant shifts can also be observed to some of the Spanish words upon their adoption into the Filipino language. The to consonant shift can be observed in the following words:
The loss of the /l/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino word kutson derived from the Spanish colchón. The loss of the /t/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino words talino and tina. Some Spanish-derived words have also undergone consonant or syllable deletion upon introduction to Tagalog like in the case of limos, masyado, posas, restawran, riles, sindi and sintunado.
The Spanish digraph is pronounced by the Spaniards as /j/ during the Renaissance era and this reflected on the pronunciation and the spelling of Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog introduced before the 19th century, where the digraph becomes in Tagalog. Such is the case of the words barya, kabayo, kutamaya, lauya, sibuyas and tabliya or tablea. Spanish loanwords in which the digraph is pronounced as /lj/ in Tagalog were probably introduced during the 19th century by educated Peninsulares. Examples include apelyido, balyena, kalye, kutsilyo, makinilya, sepilyo, silya and sigarilyo. There are also rare cases of Tagalog doublets coming from the same Spanish etymological root which exhibit both the influences of the Renaissance /j/ and the latter /λ/ sounds, like in the case of the Tagalog word pair laryo and ladrilyo, both from Sp. ladrillo. There are also instances of the Spanish digraph being transformed into upon adoption by Tagalog. Such is the case of the following words: kulani, kursilista and úling.
Vestigial influences of Old and Middle Spanish voiceless palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/ are evident in some of the Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog, where the /ʃ/ sound is transformed into the Tagalog /s/. Examples include sabon, sugal and tasa. Loanwords which have the pronunciation that reflects the transition from Middle Spanish /ʃ/ to Modern Spanish /x/ are also present in Tagalog. The Modern Spanish /x/ sound is rendered in Tagalog as . Example cases include ahedres, anghel, halaya, hardin, hepe, kahera, kahero and kahon. There are also rare cases of doublets that exhibit influences of both the Middle Spanish /ʃ/ and Modern Spanish /x/ like for example in the case of Tagalog muson and muhon.
Another one is maámong kordero. Combined together, it conveys the description of a meek, tame, harmless human with Tagalog adjective prefix and suffix added. The compound word batya't palo–palo, a must word in the laundry business where many Spanish words proliferate. The words were taken from the Spanish batea for "washing tub" and palo for "stick" or "beater", something a typical Filipino might think had no Spanish provenance at all. Others are umpisa, pulubi, pader.
Some have acquired an entirely new meaning, such as kursonada, which means "object of desire"; sospetsoso is the "suspicious person" and not the "suspect" as in the original; insekto, which still means "insect" but also refers to a "pesty clownish person"; or even sige, a Spanish word for "continue" or "follow", which is now widely understood to mean "all right" or "go ahead".
Others use Spanish prefixes and/or suffixes, combined from Tagalog or other languages, without which the word can not be completed and convey its meaning. For example, pakialamero ; same as majongero. Daisysiete is a corruption and portmanteau of the English "daisy" and the Spanish diecisiete, now meaning a sweet and sexually desirable underaged female. Bastusing katawán is an example of a two-word term for a bombshell body
Even after the Spanish era, Tagalog is still being influenced by Spanish as new words are coined, albeit along its own terms, viz., alaskadór ; barkada ; bérde'' ; which are not readily understood in Spain or any Latin American country. In a strange twist, even if Filipinos have a chance to Tagalized words using foreign words, currently English—their most accessible influence—they coin words in a uniquely Hispanizing way i.e. "boksingero" instead of using the Spanish "boxeador". Or "basketbolista", instead of borrowing from Spanish "baloncesto" to make it say "baloncestista" or "baloncestador".
Here are some examples of Spanish–derived Tagalog words in the following format:
Word – Nuanced Definition. Shared Definition precedes Nuanced Definition if both exist.
| Tagalog | Spanish | Meaning | Native equivalent |
| Abante | Avante | Ahead; Forward | Pasulóng, Pausad |
| Abelyana | Avellana | Common hazel | |
| Abiso | Aviso | Warning | Babalâ |
| Ahedres | Ajedrez | Chess | |
| Ahente | Agente | Agent | Kinatawán |
| Alemanya | Alemania | Germany | |
| Amarilyo | Amarillo | Yellow | Dilaw |
| Antena | Antena | Antenna | |
| Aparador | Aparador | Closet | |
| Asoge | Azogue | Mercury | |
| Asul | Azul | Blue | Bughaw |
| Asupre | Azufre | Sulfur | Sangyawa |
| Atenas | Atenas | Athens | |
| Baryo | Barrio | Village | Barangay, Bukid, Nayon |
| Baso | Vaso | Drinking glass | |
| Basura | Basura | Garbage, Trash, Waste | Kalat, Dumi |
| Bentilador | Ventilador | Electric fan | |
| Bisagra | Bisagra | Hinge | |
| Bisikleta | Bicicleta | Bicycle | |
| Bruha | Bruja | Witch; Woman with unpleasant personality | Mangkukulam |
| Bulsá | Bolsa | ||
| Busina | Bocina | Car horn | |
| Britanya | Bretaña | Britain | |
| Datos | Datos | Datum/Data | |
| Departamento | Departamento | Department | Kagawarán |
| Dinero | Dinero | Money | Pera, salapi |
| Deskaril | Descarrilar | To derail | |
| Diyos | Dios | God | Panginoon |
| Duwende | Duende | Elf, goblin | |
| Diyaryo | Diario | Newspaper | Pahayagan |
| Ebanghelyo | Evangelio | Gospel | Mabuting Balita |
| Edad | Edad | Age | Gulang |
| Ekolohiya | Ecología | Ecology | |
| Ekonomiya | Economía | Economy | Kabuhayan, Pagtitipid, Katipirán |
| Ekwador | Ecuador | Equator | |
| Elyo | Helio | Helium | |
| Embahada | Embajada | Embassy | Pasuguan |
| Embahador | Embajador | Ambassador | |
| Ensalada | Ensalada | Salad | |
| Eroplano | Aeroplano | Airplane | |
| Espada | Espada | Sword | |
| Espanyol/Español | Español | Spanish | Tabak |
| Espongha | Esponja | Sponge | |
| Estados Unidos | Estados Unidos | United States | |
| Estadistika | Estadística | Statistics | |
| Estupido | Estúpido | Stupid | Tanga |
| Garahe | Garaje | Garage | Taguán |
| Gasolina | Gasolina | Gasoline | |
| Gastos | Gastos | Expenses | |
| Gitara | Guitarra | Guitar | |
| Gobyerno | Gobierno | Government | Pamahalaan |
| Guwapo | Guapo | Handsome | Makisig, Magandang lalaki |
| Giyera | Guerra | War | Digmaan |
| Hapón | Japón | Japan | |
| Haponés | Japonés | Japanese | |
| Hardin | Jardín | Garden | Halamanan |
| Hardinero | Jardinero | Gardener | |
| Hepe | Jefe | Chief of police | |
| Heringgilya | Jeringuilla | Syringe | |
| Huwes | Juez | Judge | Hukom, tagahatol |
| Idroheno | Hidrógeno | Hydrogen | |
| Industriya | Industria | Industry | |
| Ingles | Inglés | English | |
| Inglatera | Inglaterra | England | |
| Intindí | Entiende | Understand | Unawà |
| Kalabasa | Calabaza | Squash | |
| Kaloriya | Caloría | Calorie | |
| Kamelyo | Camello | Camel | |
| Kampeon | Campeón | Champion | |
| Kandidato | Candidato | Candidate | |
| Kapasidad | Capacidad | Capacity | Kakayahán |
| Kapilya | Capilla | Chapel | |
| Keso | Queso | Cheese | |
| Kloro | Cloro | Chlorine | |
| Kobalto | Cobalto | Cobalt | |
| Kolehiyo | Colegio | College | Dalubhasaan |
| Kolesterol | Colesterol | Cholesterol | |
| Konstitusyón | Constitución | Constitution | Saligang Batás |
| Kontrabando | Contrabando | Contraband, Smuggled Goods | |
| Konsepto | Concepto | Concept | Dalumat |
| Kordero | Cordero | Lamb | Batang tupa |
| Korte | Corte | Court | Hukuman |
| Kotse/Awto | Coche/Auto | Car/Auto | Sasakyán |
| Kumusta | ¿Cómo está? | How is/are? | |
| Kuweba | Cueva | Cave | Yungib |
| Kuwenta | Cuenta | Bill | Bayarin |
| Lapis | Lápiz | Pencil | |
| Libra | Libra | Pound | |
| Lingguwistika | Lingüística | Linguistics | |
| Loko | Loco | Crazy | Balíw, sira-ulo |
| Lugar | Lugar | Place | Poók |
| Luhò | Lujo | Luxury | Rangyâ, Karangyaan |
| Maleta | Maleta | Suitcase, luggage | |
| Mani | Maní | Peanut | |
| Mantikà | Manteca | Cooking oil | |
| Mantsa | Mancha | Stain | |
| Margarina | Margarina | Margarine | |
| Matematika | Matemática | Mathematics | |
| Matematiko | Matemático | Mathematician | - |
| Memorya | Memoria | Memory | Alaala, Gunita |
| Militar | Militar | Military | Hukbo, Sandatahan |
| Minuto | Minuto | Minute | |
| Miyembro | Miembro | Member | Kasapi, Kagawad |
| Monarkiya | Monarquía | Monarchy | Kaharián |
| Motorsiklo | Motocicleta | Motorcycle | |
| Musika | Música | Music | Tugtugin |
| Mustasa | Mostaza | Mustard | |
| Nasyonalista | Nacionalista | Nationalist | Makabayan, Makabansâ |
| Obispo | Obispo | Bishop | |
| Oksiheno | Oxígeno | Oxygen | |
| Olanda | Holanda | Netherlands | |
| Onsa | Onza | Ounce | |
| Opisyal | Oficial | Official | |
| Otel | Hotel | Hotel | |
| Pabrika | Fábrica | Factory | Pagawaan |
| Pamilya | Familia | Family | |
| Panderetas | Panderetas | Tambourine | |
| Pantalon | Pantalón | Pants, trousers | |
| Papél | Papel | Paper | |
| Paról | Farol | Star-shaped Christmas lantern | |
| Parke | Parque | Park | Liwasan |
| Pasaporte | Pasaporte | Passport | |
| Payaso | Payaso | Clown | Lukayo |
| Pelikula | Película | Movie | |
| Pilduras | Píldoras | Medicinal pill | |
| Pilipinas | Filipinas | Philippines | |
| Piso | Peso | Philippine Peso | |
| Porke | Porque | Because | Kasi |
| Probinsiya | Provincia | Province | Lalawigan |
| Presidente | Presidente | President | Pangulo |
| Presko | Fresco | Fresh | Sariwa |
| Protina | Proteina | Protein | |
| Pulgada | Pulgada | Inch | |
| Pulisya | Policía | Police | |
| Puwede | Puede | Can, Could, May, Might | Kaya, Maaarì |
| Puwera | Fuera | Except | Maliban sa, Maliban kay |
| Radyo | Radio | Radio | |
| Realidad | Realidad | Reality | Katunayan, Katotohanan |
| Reló, Relos, Rilos | Reloj | Clock | Orasán |
| Repúblika | República | Republic | |
| Sabadista | Sabadista | Member of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church | |
| Sapatos | Zapatos | Shoes | |
| Sardinas | Sardinas | Sardines | |
| Sarado | Cerrado | Closed | Nakapinid |
| Selyo | Sello | Seal | Tatak |
| Sentimyento | Sentimiento | Sentiment | |
| Senyales | Señales | Signs | Tanda |
| Sikolohiya | Psicología | Psychology | |
| Sim | Zinc | Zinc | |
| Simple | Simple | Simple | Payak |
| Sipilyo, Sepilyo | Cepillo | Brush | |
| Siyensya | Ciencia | Science | Agham |
| Siyudad | Ciudad | City | Lungsod |
| Sundalo | Soldado | Soldier | Kawal |
| Sustansya | Sustancia | Food nutrient | |
| Sustento | Sustento | Financial support | |
| Suweldo | Sueldo | Salary | Sahod |
| Tableta | Tableta | Tablet | |
| Tangke | Tanque | Tank | |
| Tarheta | Tarjeta | Card | |
| Tasa | Taza | Mug, Cup | |
| Teklado | Teclado | Keyboard | Tipaan |
| Tela | Tela | Cloth, Fabric | |
| Telebisyón | Televisión | Television | |
| Telepono | Teléfono | Telephone | |
| Tiya | Tía | Aunt | Tita |
| Tiyo | Tío | Uncle | Tito |
| Tsino | Chino | Chinese | Intsík, Tsekwa |
| Tsinelas | Chinelas | Slippers, flip-flops | |
| Tisa | Tiza | Chalk | Yeso |
| Tsismis | Chismes | Gossip | Satsát |
| Tumbaga | Tumbaga | Gold-copper alloy | |
| Unibersidad | Universidad | University | Pamantasan |
| Welga | Huelga | Industrial strike | |
| Yelo | Hielo | Ice | |
| Yodo | Yodo | Iodine |
Note that the first syllable of loanwords from Spanish that start with /aw/ are also sometimes pronounced and spelled /o/ due to the predominance of pronunciation of loanwords from English.
Spanish influences on Tagalog morphosyntax
Although the overall influence of Spanish on the morphosyntax of the Tagalog language was minimal, there are fully functional Spanish-derived words that have produced syntactic innovations on Tagalog. Clear influences of Spanish can be seen in the morphosyntax of comparison and the existence of Spanish-derived modals and conjunctions, as will be discussed in more detail below.''Kumusta'' as a question word in Tagalog
All of the interrogative words used in Tagalog are non-Spanish in origin, with the exception of kumusta. The word kumusta is derived from the Spanish ¿cómo está? and it functions as a Tagalog interrogative word used as a substitute for an adjective of quality or condition equivalent to the English how. Kumusta can also be used as a greeting or as a verb with the meaning of "to greet" or "to say hello".Spanish-derived comparative markers
Tagalog has several comparative markers that are etymologically derived from Spanish. The particle mas, in conjunction with the various Tagalog counterparts of the English "than", is used as a comparative marker of non-equality. Another comparative marker of non-equality is kumpara, usually followed with the appropriate sa-marker and used as the Tagalog equivalent of the English "compared to". Lastly, the word pareho, commonly employed with the Tagalog linker -ng, is used as a comparative marker of equality.Spanish-derived Tagalog modals
There are several Spanish-derived words that have acquired function as modals upon adoption in Tagalog. Tagalog modals, including those that are etymologically derived from Spanish, can be classified into two main groups: words realizing deontic modality and words realizing epistemic modality.Deontic modality in Tagalog is realized through words which are grammaticized by Paul Schachter and Fe T. Otanes as "pseudo-verbs". An example of a Spanish-derived Tagalog deontic modal is gusto, which is used to denote preference or desire. Gusto is considered to be more commonly used than its other counterparts such as nais or ibig, since the latter two are both perceived as more formal than gusto and are more frequently used in writing than in speech. Another example is puwede, which can be translated in English as "can" and is thus used to express permission or ability. The word puwede co-exists with its non-Spanish-derived equivalent maaari and the two pseudo-verbs are deemed to have little semantic difference, with puwede only being considered usually as more colloquial and less formal than maaari.
Epistemic modality in Tagalog is realized through words functioning as adverbials. These words, when used as modals, are typically linked to the clause that they modalize through the Tagalog linker -ng or na. An example of a Spanish-derived epistemic modal used for expressing high degree of probability is sigurado + -ng, with the meaning of "surely" or "certainly", and is considered as a synonym of Tagalog tiyak. The word siguro is an epistemic modal marking moderate degree of probability, with the meaning of "maybe", "probably" or "perhaps". The word siguro is also identified by the linguist Ekaterina Baklanova as a Spanish-derived discourse marker in Tagalog, thus contrasting the claims of other scholars such as Patrick Steinkrüger that none of the numerous discourse markers in Tagalog are of Spanish origin. Similarly to Tagalog, the word siguro is also considered as an adverbial clitic in Cebuano and in Masbateño. Posible + -ng, which can be translated to English as "possibly", is a Tagalog epistemic modal marking low degree of probability. Examples of Spanish-derived Tagalog epistemic modals marking excessive degree of intensity include masyado + -ng and sobra + -ng while medyo marks moderate degree of intensity.
Spanish-derived Tagalog conjunctions
Several conjunctions in Tagalog have Spanish-derived etymological roots. The Tagalog disjunctive conjunction o has completely substituted the old Tagalog equivalent "kun", rendering the latter obsolete. Two Spanish-derived counter-expectational adversative conjunctions used in Tagalog are pero and kaso, both of which are considered as synonyms of the Tagalog counterparts ngunit, subalit, etc. The Tagalog ni can be used as a negative repetitive conjunction, similar to the English "neither...nor" construction. When not repeated, ni assumes a scalar focus value stripped off of all its conjunction function, translatable to English as "not even". Basta, when used as a conditional conjunction, assumes a meaning similar to English "as long as" or "provided that". Maski is a synonym of Tagalog kahit and both are used as Tagalog concessive conjunctions. Porke assumes the function of emphatic causal conjunction in Tagalog and it is used to express an ironic or critical attitude, translatable to English as "just because" or "only because". The Tagalog puwera kung is used as a negative exceptive conditional conjunction, translatable in English as "unless" or "except if". The Tagalog oras na is a temporal conjunction which can be translated in English as "the moment that". The Tagalog imbes na is used as an implicit adversative conjunction and it can be translated in English as "instead of". The Tagalog para, when used to introduce verb-less or basic-form predicates, assumes the role of a purposive conjunction. However, if followed by the appropriate dative sa-marker, para assumes the role of a benefactive marker in Tagalog.Loanwords that underwent semantic shift
Upon adoption into Tagalog, a number of Spanish-derived terms underwent a process of semantic shift or change in meaning. A loanword is said to have undergone a semantic shift if its meaning in Tagalog deviates from the original meaning of the word in the source language. A type of semantic shift is the so-called semantic narrowing, which is a linguistic phenomenon in which the meaning of a Spanish-derived word acquires a less general or inclusive meaning upon adoption into Tagalog. Semantic narrowing occurs when a word undergoes specialization of usage. For example, the word kuryente comes from the Spanish word corriente, which is a general term to refer to any current, whether electric or not. Upon adoption of the word corriente into Tagalog as kuryente, it underwent a semantic narrowing and its usage became restricted to refer only to an electric current, unlike its Spanish counterpart. Another example of a semantic narrowing is the Tagalog word ruweda, a term derived from the Spanish word rueda which refers to any kind of wheel. Upon adoption into Tagalog, ruweda underwent usage specialization and its meaning became restricted to the Ferris wheel.Semantic shift may also occur through semantic interference by another language, usually the English language. This phenomenon can result into reinterpretation of a Spanish-derived term by attributing to it an English meaning upon assimilation into Tagalog. An example is the Tagalog word libre, which is derived from the Spanish translation of the English word free, although used in Tagalog with the meaning of "without cost or payment" or "free of charge", a usage which would be deemed incorrect in Spanish as the term gratis would be more fitting. Another example is the Tagalog word iskiyerda, derived from the Spanish term izquierda meaning "left" as opposed to "right", although used in Tagalog with the meaning of "to leave".
Here is the list of Spanish-derived words which underwent semantic shift upon assimilation into Tagalog:
| Tagalog | Spanish-derived word | Meaning in Tagalog | Spanish equivalent |
| Alahero | Alhajero | Jeweller; jewel-maker | Joyero |
| Algodon | Algodon | False trevally | Pagapa; pez blanco |
| Almohadilya | Almohadilla | Mouse pad | Alfombrilla para el ratón o mouse |
| Almusal | Almorzar | Breakfast | Desayuno |
| Asar | Asar | To annoy | Molestar |
| Bahura | Bajura | Coral reef | Arrecife coralina |
| Barkada | Barcada | Group of friends; clique | Pandilla de amigos o camaradas |
| Basta | Basta | Just so that; as long as | Siempre y cuando; siempre que |
| Bida | Vida | Protagonist | Protagonista |
| Biskotso | Bizcocho | Toasted bread | Pan tostado |
| Bulsa | Bolsa | Pocket in garments | Bolsillo |
| Dehado | Dejado | Underdog; at a disadvantage | Desfavorecido; desaventajado |
| Delikado | Delicado | Dangerous | Peligroso |
| Dilihensiya | Diligencia | To ask for a loan or debt; to borrow money | Pedir un préstamo |
| Disgrasya | Desgracia | Accident | Accidente |
| Diskarte | Descarte | Resourcefulness | Ingeniosidad; capacidad de improvisación |
| Gisado | Guisado | Sauteed | Salteado |
| Harana | Jarana | Serenade | Serenata |
| Hepe | Jefe | Police chief | Comisario; jefe de policía |
| Impakto | Impacto | Evil spirit | Espíritu maligno |
| Inutil | Inútil | Sexually impotent | Sexualmente impotente |
| Iskiyerda | Izquierda | To leave | Irse de; abandonar |
| Kabayo | Caballo | Ironing board | Tabla de planchar |
| Kabisera | Cabecera | Capital city | Capital; ciudad cabecera |
| Kakawate | Cacahuate | Gliricidia sepium | Madre de cacao |
| Kasilyas | Casillas | Toilet; restroom | Baño |
| Konyo | Coño | Socialite; belonging to the upper-class | De clase alta |
| Kubeta | Cubeta | Toilet; restroom | Baño |
| Kulebra | Culebra | Shingles | Culebrilla; herpes zóster |
| Kursonada | Corazonada | Object of interest or desire | Deseo del corazón |
| Kuryente | Corriente | Electricity; electric current | Electricidad; corriente eléctrica |
| Labakara | Lavacara | Face towel | Toalla de tocador |
| Lakwatsa | Cuacha | Truancy; out loafing; out roaming | Vaguear; holgazanear; hacer novillos |
| Lamyerda | Mierda | Truancy; out loafing; out roaming | Vaguear; holgazanear; hacer novillos |
| Libre | Libre | Without cost or payment | Gratis |
| Liyamado | Llamado | Favorite ; at an advantage | Favorecido |
| Mantika | Manteca | Cooking oil | Aceite |
| Muta | Mota | Eye dirt; eye discharge | Legaña |
| Palengke | Palenque | Market | Mercado |
| Palitada | Paletada | Plaster | Yeso |
| Papagayo | Papagayo | Kite | Cometa |
| Parada | Parada | Parade | Desfile |
| Parol | Farol | Christmas lantern | Estrella navideña |
| Parolero | Farolero | Christmas lantern maker | Artesano de estrellas navideñas |
| Pasamano | Pasamano | Window sill | Alféizar, repisa de la ventana |
| Pitso | Pecho | Chicken breast | Pechuga de pollo |
| Postiso | Postizo | Denture; false teeth | Prótesis dental; dentadura postiza |
| Putahe | Potaje | Dish; course | Plato |
| Rebentador | Reventador | Firecracker | Petardo |
| Rekado | Recado | Spices; condiments | Especia; condimiento |
| Ruweda | Rueda | Ferris wheel | Rueda de la fortuna |
| Semilya | Semilla | Semen | Semen |
| Sentido | Sentido | Temple | Templo; sien |
| Siguro | Seguro | Maybe; perhaps; probably | Quizás; probablemente |
| Silindro | Cilindro | Harmonica | Armónica |
| Sintas | Cintas | Shoelace | Cordón de zapato; cintas para zapatos |
| Siyempre | Siempre | Of course | Por supuesto |
| Suplado | Soplado | Snobbish; haughty | Presuntuoso, arrogante |
| Suporta | Soportar | Support | Apoyo |
| Sustansiya | Sustancia | Nutrient | Sustancia nutritiva; nutriente |
| Tirada | Tirada | Tirade; speech of violent denunciation | Diatriba |
| Todas | Todas | Completely killed or exterminated | Matar |
| Todo | Todo | All-out; fully; maximum | Al máximo |
| Tosino | Tocino | Sweet cured meat | Carne curada endulzada |
| Tsamporado | Champurrado | Sweet chocolate rice porridge | Arroz al chocolate |
| Tsika | Chica | Gossip | Chisme |
| Turon | Turrón | Fried banana roll | Rollo de platano frito |
| Tuwalya | Toalla | Tripe | Mondongo; tripa; callos |
Tagalog words derived from pluralized Spanish nouns
Some of the Spanish loanwords in Tagalog appear in their pluralized form, marked with -s or -es. However, in Tagalog, such words are not considered as plural and when they are pluralized in Tagalog, they need to be pluralized in the way that Tagalog pluralizes native words, i.e., by placing the pluralization marker mga before the word. For example, the word butones is considered singular in Tagalog and its plural form is mga butones.| Tagalog Word | Spanish-Derived Word | Meaning in Spanish | Meaning in Tagalog |
| Alahas | Alhaja | Jewel; Jewelry | Jewel; Jewelry |
| Alkatsopas | Alcachofa | Artichoke | Artichoke |
| Aratiles | Dátil | Date | Calabur or Panama cherry |
| Armas | Arma | Weapon; Arm | Weapon; Arm |
| Balbas | Barba | Beard | Beard |
| Banyos | Baño | Bath; Bathroom | Sponge bath |
| Bayabas | Guayaba | Guava | Guava |
| Beses | Vez | Time | Time |
| Boses | Voz | Voice | Voice |
| Butones | Botón | Button | Button |
| Datos | Dato | Fact; Detail; Piece of Information; Data | Datum/Data |
| Garbansos | Garbanzo | Chickpea | |
| Gastos | Gasto | Cost; Expense; Spending | Cost; Expense; Spending |
| Gisantes | Guisante | Pea | Pea |
| Guwantes | Guante | Glove | Glove |
| Kalatas | Carta | Letter; Chart; Charter | Paper; White Paper; Letter; Written Message |
| Kamatis | Tomate | Tomato | Tomato |
| Kasilyas | Casilla | Cubicle; Booth | Toilet |
| Kastanyas | Castaña | Chestnut | Chestnut |
| Kostilyas | Costilla | Rib | Rib |
| Kubyertos | Cubierto | Cutlery; silverware | Cutlery; silverware |
| Kuwerdas | Cuerda | Rope; string; chord | String of a musical instrument |
| Kuwintas | Cuenta | Jewelry bead | Necklace |
| Kuwitis | Cohete | Rocket | Fireworks |
| Labanos | Rabano | Radish | Radish |
| Lansones | Lanzón | Phil. Sp. term for Lansium domesticum | Langsat or lanzones |
| Letsugas | Lechuga | Lettuce | Lettuce |
| Manggas | Manga | Sleeve | Sleeve |
| Mansanas | Manzana | Apple | Apple |
| Materyales | Material | Material | Material |
| Medyas | Media | Sock | Sock |
| Opisyales | Oficial | Officer | Officer |
| Oras | Hora | Hour | Hour ; Time |
| Panderetas | Pandereta | Tambourine | Tambourine |
| Palanas | Plana | Plain | Flat area along a river |
| Papeles | Papel | Paper | Document |
| Patatas | Patata | Potato | Potato |
| Pares | Par | Pair | Pair; Similar |
| Pasas | Pasa | Raisin | Raisin |
| Pastilyas | Pastilla | Pill; Tablet; Candy | Sweet milk candy |
| Peras | Pera | Pear | Pear |
| Perlas | Perla | Pearl | Pearl |
| Pilduras | Pildora | Pill; Tablet | Medicinal pill |
| Pohas | Foja | Sheet | Sheet |
| Posas | Esposa | Handcuffs | Handcuffs |
| Presas | Presa | Strawberry | Strawberry |
| Prutas | Fruta | Fruit | Fruit |
| Pulbos | Polvo | Dust; powder | Powder |
| Pulseras | Pulsera | Bracelet | Bracelet |
| Puntos | Punto | Dot; Period; Point | Score; Point |
| Rehas | Reja | Bar; Railing | Bar; Railing |
| Riles | Carril | Lane; Track | Rail; Railroad; Railway |
| Rosas | Rosa | Rose | Rose ; Pink |
| Salas | Sala | Living room | Living room |
| Sapatos | Zapato | Shoe | Shoe |
| Sardinas | Sardina | Sardine | Sardine |
| Senyales | Señal | Sign; Signal | Sign |
| Senyas | Seña | Sign; Signal | Sign; Signal |
| Sibuyas | Cebolla | Onion | Onion |
| Sigarilyas | Seguidilla | Phil. Sp. term for Psophocarpus tetragonolobus | Winged bean |
| Silahis | Celaje | Cloudscape; Skylight | Sunray; Bisexual person |
| Singkamas | Jícama | Mexican turnip | Mexican turnip |
| Sintas | Cinta | Ribbon; Tape; Lace | Shoelace |
| Sintomas | Síntoma | Symptom | Symptom |
| Sopas | Sopa | Soup | Soup |
| Sorbetes | Sorbete | Sorbet | Ice cream |
| Tsinelas | Chinela | Slipper; flip-flop | Slipper; Flip-flop |
| Tsismis | Chisme | Gossip | Gossip |
| Ubas | Uva | Grape | Grape |
| Uhales | Ojal | Buttonhole | Buttonhole |
| Uhas | Hoja'' | Leaf | Sheet metal |
Tagalog words derived from Spanish verbs
Several Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Most of them are in their infinitive form characterized by the deletion of their final /r/, like for example in the case of the Tagalog intindi derived from the Spanish verb entender. This feature is also found in Chavacano verbs which have a Spanish origin and it can be argued that an already restructured form of Spanish was the origin of these Tagalog words. A list of these loanwords can be viewed below.Alternatively, upon adoption into Tagalog, the final /r/ of the Spanish verbs in their infinitive form becomes /l/. Such is the case of the following loanwords: almusal, dasal, dupikal, kasal, kumpisal, minindal, pasyal and sugal. In some cases, the final /r/ remains unaltered in the Tagalog form like in the case of andar, asar and pundar.
Conjugated Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Examples include: pára, pása, puwede, tíra and sige. Imbiyerna is derived from the Spanish verb infernar and was allegedly coined by Ricardo "Rikki" Dalu, originally to describe the hellish feeling and the frustration he experienced when attending Spanish classes. In some cases, the conjugated verbs are combined with another word to form Tagalog morphemes like in the case of the following words: asikaso, balewala or baliwala, etsapwera and kumusta.
| Tagalog Verb | Spanish Verb | Meaning in Spanish | Meaning in Tagalog |
| Akusá | Acusar | To accuse | To accuse |
| Alsá | Alzar | To lift; to raise; to erect | To rise in rebellion |
| Analisá | Analizar | To analyze | To analyze |
| Apelá | Apelar | To appeal | To appeal |
| Aprobá | Aprobar | To approve | To approve |
| Apurá | Apurar | To finish; to rush | To hurry |
| Alkilá | Alquilar | To rent; to rent out | To rent; to rent out |
| Asintá | Asentar | To set up; to secure; to lay down | To aim at |
| Aturgá | Otorgar | To grant; to bestow; to confer | To take on responsibility |
| Awtorisá | Autorizar | To authorize | To authorize |
| Bará | Barrar | To cover in mud | To block; to clog |
| Batí | Batir | To beat; to whisk; to whip | To beat; to whisk; to whip; to masturbate |
| Beripiká | Verificar | To verify | To verify |
| Bulkanisá | Vulcanizar | To vulcanize | To vulcanize |
| Burá | Borrar | To erase | To erase |
| Burdá | Bordar | To embroider | To embroider |
| Deklará | Declarar | To declare | To declare |
| Determiná | Determinar | To determine | To determine |
| Diktá | Dictar | To dictate | To dictate |
| Dimití | Dimitir | To resign | To resign |
| Dirihí | Dirigir | To manage; to be in charge of | To manage; to be in charge of |
| Disaprobá | Disaprobar | To disapprove | To disapprove |
| Disarmá | Desarmar | To disarm | To disarm |
| Disimpektá | Desinfectar | To disinfect | To disinfect |
| Disimulá | Disimular | To conceal; to cover up | To conceal; to cover up |
| Diskargá | Descargar | To unload; to discharge; to download | To unload |
| Diskitá | Desquitar | To make up for | To take it out on |
| Diskubrí | Descubrir | To discover | To discover |
| Dismayá | Desmayar | To become disheartened; to become demoralized | To become disheartened; to become demoralized |
| Distrungká | Destroncar | To hack away | To forcefully open a door, a lock, etc. |
| Galbanisá | Galvanizar | To galvanize | To galvanize |
| Gisá | Guisar | To stew | To stir fry in oil, usually with garlic and onions |
| Hulmá | Ahormar | To shape; to mould | To shape; to mould |
| Husgá | Juzgar | To judge | To judge |
| Imbestigá | Investigar | To investigate | To investigate |
| Imbitá | Invitar | To invite | To invite |
| Intindí | Entender | To understand | To understand |
| Itsá | Echar | To throw | To throw |
| Kalkulá | Calcular | To calculate | To calculate |
| Kanselá | Cancelar | To cancel | To cancel |
| Kantá | Cantar | To sing | To sing |
| Kargá | Cargar | To load; to charge; to fill | To load; to charge; to fill |
| Kodipiká | Codificar | To codify; to encode | To codify; to encode |
| Kondená | Condenar | To condemn | To condemn |
| Konserbá | Conservar | To conserve | To conserve |
| Konsiderá | Considerar | To consider | To consider |
| Kublí | Cubrir | To cover; to cover up | To hide from sight |
| Kubrá | Cobrar | To demand or to receive payment | To demand or to receive payment |
| Kulá | Colar | To strain; to bleach | To bleach |
| Kultí | Curtir | To tan | To treat leather or other materials with tanning agents |
| Kumbidá | Convidar | To invite | To invite |
| Kumbinsí | Convencir | To convince | To convince |
| Kumpará | Comparar | To compare | To compare |
| Kumpirmá | Confirmar | To confirm | To confirm |
| Kumpiská | Confiscar | To confiscate; to seize | To confiscate; to seize |
| Kumpuní | Componer | To make up; to compose; to repair | To repair |
| Kusí | Cocer | To cook | To cook |
| Labá | Lavar | To wash | To wash |
| Legalisá | Legalizar | To legalize | To legalize |
| Liberalisá | Liberalizar | To liberalize | To liberalize |
| Manipulá | Manipular | To manipulate | To manipulate |
| Marká | Marcar | To mark | To mark |
| Nominá | Nominar | To nominate | To nominate |
| Obligá | Obligar | To force; to oblige | To force; to oblige |
| Obserbá | Observar | To observe | To observe |
| Operá | Operar | To operate | To surgically operate |
| Palsipiká | Falsificar | To falsify | To falsify |
| Palyá | Fallar | To fail; to break down and stop working | To fail; to break down and stop working |
| Paralisá | Paralizar | To paralyze | To paralyze |
| Pasá | Pasar | To pass; to happen; to go through | To pass an academic course, an examination, an interview, etc. |
| Pasmá | Pasmar | To amaze; to astonish; to chill to the bone | Pasma and, by extension, to have pasma |
| Pintá | Pintar | To paint | To paint |
| Pirmá | Firmar | To sign | To sign |
| Pormalisá | Formalizar | To formalize | To formalize |
| Prepará | Preparar | To prepare | To prepare |
| Preserbá | Preservar | To preserve | To preserve |
| Proklamá | Proclamar | To proclaim | To proclaim |
| Pundí | Fundir | To melt; to merge | To burn out |
| Puntá | Apuntar | To aim; to point out; to write down | To go to |
| Purgá | Purgar | To purge | To cleanse; to take a purgative or laxative |
| Pursigí | Perseguir | To pursue; to follow; to chase; to persecute | To persevere |
| Pustá | Apostar | To bet; to wager | To bet; to wager |
| Ratipiká | Ratificar | To ratify | To ratify |
| Reboká | Revocar | To revoke | To revoke |
| Rekomendá | Recomendar | To recommend | To recommend |
| Repiná | Refinar | To refine | To refine |
| Sangkutsá | Sancochar or Salcochar | To boil with water and salt | To pre-cook food with spices and aromatics |
| Salbá | Salvar | To save | To save |
| Sará | Cerrar | To close | To close |
| Silbí | Servir | To serve | To serve |
| Sindí | Encender | To ignite; to turn on; to switch on | To ignite; to turn on; to switch on |
| Suldá | Soldar | To solder; to weld | To solder; to weld |
| Sulsí | Zurcir | To sew; to mend | To sew; to mend |
| Sumité | Someter | To subdue; to subjugate; to submit | To submit; to put forward |
| Suspendé | Suspendir | To suspend | To suspend |
| Tantiyá | Tantear | To feel; to weigh up; to estimate | To estimate |
| Tarantá | Atarantar | To stun; to daze; to stupify | To confuse; to baffle; to bewilder |
| Tasá | Tajar | To chop; to cut; to slice | To sharpen |
| Timplá | Templar | To cool down; to moderate | To blend; to mix; to prepare drinks, medicine, chemical solutions, etc. |
| Tumbá | Tumbar | To knock down | To knock down |
| Tustá | Tostar | To toast | To toast |
| Umpisá | Empezar | To begin; to start | To begin; to start |
Spanish-Tagalog hybrid compound terms
Some Tagalog compound terms are actually formed through a combination of a native Tagalog term and an etymologically Spanish term, like in the case of the idiomatic expression balat-sibuyas, which is a combination of the Tagalog balat and Spanish cebolla. The linguist Ekaterina Baklanova distinguishes at least two types of Spanish-Tagalog compound terms: hybrid loanwords or mixed-borrowings are partially translated Spanish terms which are adopted into Tagalog, e.g. karnerong-dagat and anemonang-dagat, while hybrid neologisms are new terms invented by Filipinos with use of some native and already assimilated Spanish-derived material, e.g. pader-ilog, meaning "embankment", derived from the combination of the Tagalog word ilog and Spanish word pared.Below is the list of some Spanish-Tagalog hybrid compound terms. Because of the lack of standardization, some of the compound terms listed below are written differently in other Tagalog-based literature. For example, while the term sirang-plaka is usually encountered in many Tagalog-based works without the hyphen, there are also some instances of the term being written with the hyphen like in the case of one of the books written by the Chairman of the Commission on the Filipino Language Virgilio Almario, entitled Filipino ng mga Filipino: mga problema sa ispeling, retorika, at pagpapayaman ng wikang pambansa. Another example is the term takdang-oras, which can also be encountered in the literature without the hyphen. As a rule, a hybrid compound term below will be hyphenated if it has at least one instance of it being written with the hyphen in Tagalog-based literary works.
| Compound term | Root words | Meaning |
| Agaw-eksena | agaw + eksena | Scene-stealer |
| Alsa-balutan | alsa + balutan | To pack up; to change residence |
| Amoy-tsiko | amoy + tsiko | Drunk; intoxicated |
| Anemonang-dagat | anemona + dagat | Sea anemone |
| Bágong-salta | bago | Newcomer |
| Balat-sibuyas | balat + sibuyas | A person who is easily offended |
| Balik-eskwela | balik + eskwela | Back-to-school |
| Bantay-sarado | bantay + sarado | Well-guarded; closely guarded |
| Bigay-todo | bigay + todo | Giving one's all |
| Boses-ipis | boses + ipis | Inaudible voice |
| Boses-palaka | boses + palaka | Croaky voice |
| Bugbog-sarado | bugbog + sarado | Heavily beaten |
| Bulak-niyebe | bulak + niyebe | Snowflake |
| Dilang-anghel | dila + anghel | Having the gift of prophecy |
| Dilang-baka | dila + baka | Opuntia cochenillifera |
| Doble-ingat | doble + ingat | To take extra precautions |
| Doble-talim | doble + talim | Double-edged |
| Epikong-bayan | epiko + bayan | Folk epic |
| Esponghang-dagat | espongha + dagat | Sea sponge |
| Giyera-patani | giyera + patani | Heated verbal exchange |
| Hating-globo | hati + globo | Hemisphere |
| Hiram-kantores | hiram + kantores | Non-returnable |
| Kabayong-dagat | kabayo + dagat | Seahorse |
| Karnerong-dagat | karnero + dagat | Seal |
| Kayod-marino | kayod + marino | Hard worker |
| Kilos-protesta | kilos + protesta | Demonstration; street protest |
| Kuwentong-bayan | kwento + bayan | Folk stories |
| Lakad-pato | lakad + pato | Waddle |
| Leong-dagat | leon + dagat | Sea lion |
| Mukhang-pera | mukha + pera | Profit-oriented; easily corruptible through bribes |
| Pader-ilog | pader + ilog | Embankment |
| Pampalipas-oras | lipas + oras | Pastime; hobby |
| Panday-yero | panday + yero | Ironsmith |
| Patay-malisya | patay + malisya | Feigning innocence; pretending not to know that something is amiss |
| Pusòng-mamon | puso + mamon | Soft-hearted; kind and compassionate |
| Sanib-puwersa | sanib + puwersa | To join forces |
| Siling-haba | sili + haba | Capsicum annuum var. longum |
| Siling-labuyo | sili + labuyo | Capsicum frutescens |
| Singsing-pari | singsing + pari | Millipede |
| Sirang-plaka | sira + plaka | Someone or something that annoyingly repeats itself |
| Sulat-makinilya | sulat + makinilya | Typewritten |
| Taas-presyo | taas + presyo | Price increase |
| Tabing-kalsada | tabi + kalsada | Roadside |
| Tabing-kalye | tabi + kalye | Roadside |
| Takaw-aksidente | takaw + aksidente | Accident-prone |
| Takaw-disgrasya | takaw + disgrasya | Accident-prone |
| Takdang-oras | takda + oras | Fixed or appointed time |
| Takdang-petsa | takda + petsa | Due date; Deadline |
| Tanim-bala | tanim + bala | Planting evidence of illegal bullet possession |
| Tanim-droga | tanim + droga | Planting evidence of illegal drug possession |
| Táong-grasa | tao + grasa | Homeless man or woman |
| Tubig-gripo | tubig + gripo | Tap water |
| Tulak-droga | tulak + droga | Drug pusher |
| Túlog-mantika | tulog + mantika | Someone or something that doesn't wake up easily |
| Tunog-lata | tunog + lata | Tinny; sounding like tin |
English
has been used in everyday Tagalog conversation. This kind of conversation is called Taglish. English words borrowed by Tagalog are mostly modern and technical terms, but English words are also used for short usage or to avoid literal translation and repetition of the same particular Tagalog word. English makes the second largest vocabulary of Tagalog after Spanish. In written language, English words in a Tagalog sentence are written as they are, but they are sometimes written in Tagalog phonetic spelling. Here are some examples:| Tagalog | English | Traditional Word |
| Adik | Drug addict | Durugista |
| Adyenda | Agenda | |
| Bag | Bag | Supot |
| Bakwit | Evacuate | Lumikas |
| Barbikyu | Barbecue | |
| Basketbol | Basketball | |
| Beysbol | Baseball | |
| Bilyar | Billiard | |
| Biskuwit | Biscuit | |
| Bistek | Beef steak | |
| Bodabíl | Vaudeville | |
| Boksing | Boxing | |
| Bolpen | Ballpoint pen | |
| Drayber | Driver | Tsuper |
| Dyaket | Jacket | |
| Dyakpat | Jackpot | |
| Dyip/Dyipni | Jeep/Jeepney | |
| Gadyet | Gadget | |
| Gradweyt | Graduate | Nakapagtapos ng pag-aaral; gradwado |
| Hayskul | High school | Paaralang sekundarya ; Mataas na paaralan |
| Helikopter | Helicopter | |
| Interbyu | Interview | Panayam, Entrebista |
| Internet | Internet | |
| Iskedyul | Schedule | Talaorasan |
| Iskolar | Scholar | |
| Iskor | Score | Puntos |
| Iskul | School | Paaralan |
| Iskrip | Script | |
| Iskrin | Screen | Tábing |
| Iskuter | Scooter | |
| Iskuwater | Squatter | |
| Ispayral | Spiral | Balisungsong |
| Ispiker | Speaker | Tagapagsalita, Tagatalumpati, Mananalumpati |
| Isponsor | Sponsor | Tagatangkilik |
| Isport | Sport | Palaro, Palakasan, Paligsahan |
| Isprey | Spray | Wisik |
| Istandard | Standard | Pamantayan, Panukatan |
| Kabinet | Cabinet | Aparador |
| Kambas | Canvass | |
| Kapirayt | Copyright | Karapatang-sipi |
| Karot | Carrot | Asinorya, Asanorya |
| Kemikal | Chemical | |
| Kendi | Candy | Minatamis |
| Ketsap | Ketchup | Sarsa |
| Keyk | Cake | |
| Kompiyuter | Computer | |
| Korek | Correct | Ayos, Tama, Tumpak |
| Kyut | Cute | Lindo & Linda |
| Lider | Leader | Pinuno |
| Lobat | Low battery | |
| Madyik | Magic | Salamangka |
| Magasin | Magazine | |
| Miskol | Missed call | |
| Miting | Meeting | Pulong |
| Nars | Nurse | |
| Okey | OK, Okay | Sige |
| Plastik | Plastic | |
| Pulis | Police | |
| Rali | Rally | |
| Sandwits | Sandwich | |
| Tambay | Stand by | |
| Tenis | Tennis | |
| Tin-edyer | Teenager | Lalabintaunin |
| Titser | Teacher | Guro, Maestro & Maestra |
| Tisyu | Tissue | |
| Traysikel | Tricycle | Trisiklo |
| Trey | Tray | |
| Wáis | Wise | Mautak, Maabilidad |
Malay
Many Malay loanwords entered the Tagalog vocabulary during pre-colonial times as Old Malay became the lingua franca of trade, commerce and diplomatic relations during the pre-colonial era of Philippine history as evidenced by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription of 900 AD and accounts of Antonio Pigafetta at the time of the Spanish arrival in the country five centuries later. Some Malay loanwords, such as bansa and guro, are later additions to the Tagalog language during the first half of the 19th century. Said words were proposals by the late linguist Eusebio T. Daluz to be adopted for further development of the Tagalog language and eventually found widespread usage among the lettered segment of the Tagalog-speaking population.| Tagalog | Etymology | Meaning in Tagalog |
| Balaklaot | barat laut | Northwestern winds |
| Batubalani | batu + berani | Magnetite; Magnet stone |
| Bibingka | kuih bingka | Rice cake with coconut milk |
| Bilanggo | belenggu | Prison; Prisoner |
| Binibini | bini | Miss; Young lady |
| Bunso | bongsu | Youngest child |
| Dalamhati | dalam + hati | Grief |
| Dalubhasa | juru + bahasa | Expert |
| Hatol | atur | Sentence pronounced by a judge in court |
| Kanan | kanan | Right |
| Kawal | kawal | Soldier; Warrior |
| Kulambo | kelambu | Mosquito net |
| Lagari | gergaji | Carpenter's saw |
| Lunggati | lung + hati | Eagerness; Ambition |
| Luwalhati | luwal + hati | Inner peace |
| Uluhati | ulo + hati | Remembrance; Reminiscence |
| Pighati | pedih + hati | Affliction; Anguish; Woe |
| Pilak | perak | Silver |
| Pirali | pijar | Calcium carbonate |
| Salaghati | salag or salak + hati | Displeasure; Resentment |
| Takal | takar | Measurement by volume of liquids and of grains |
| Tanghali | tengah + hari | Noon; Midday |
| Tiyanak | puntianak | Vampiric creature that imitates the form of a child |
| Usap | ucap | Conversation |
Sanskrit
As in most Austronesian languages, the Sanskrit vocabulary incorporated into Tagalog are mostly borrowed indirectly via Malay or Javanese. Examples include:| Tagalog | Sanskrit | Meaning in Tagalog |
| Agham | Āgama, meaning acquisition of knowledge, science | Science |
| Antala | Antara, meaning duration, gap | Delay |
| Asal | Ācāra, meaning manner of action, conduct, behavior | Behaviour; Character |
| Bahala | Bhara, meaning burden, load, weight, heavy work | To manage; to take care of; to take charge |
| Balita | Vārtā, meaning account, report | News |
| Bansa | Vaṃśa, meaning bamboo cane, genealogy, dynasty, race, | Country |
| Banyaga | Vaṇijaka, meaning merchant, trader | Foreigner |
| Basa | Vaca, meaning voice, speech | To read |
| Bathalà | Batthara, meaning noble lord, venerable | Supreme Being; God |
| Bihasa | Abhyasa, meaning habit | Accustomed |
| Budhi | Bodhi, meaning understanding | Conscience |
| Dawa | Yava, meaning Hordeum vulgare | Panicum miliaceum |
| Daya | Dvaya, meaning twofold nature, falsehood | Cheating; Deception |
| Diwa | Jīva, meaning the principle of life, vital breath | Spirit; Soul |
| Diwata | Devata, meaning divinity | Fairy, Goddess, Nymph |
| Dukha | Dukkha,meaning sorrow, misery, hardship | Poverty |
| Dusa | Doṣa, meaning harm, damage, bad consequence | Suffering |
| Dusta | Dūṣita, meaning defiled, violated, injured | Ignominiously insulted |
| Gadya | Gaja, meaning elephant | Elephant |
| Ganda | Gandha, meaning aroma, fragrance | Beauty; beautiful |
| Guro | Guru, meaning master, teacher | Mentor; Teacher |
| Halaga | Argha, meaning value | Price; Value |
| Halata | Arthaya, meaning perceive | Noticeable; Perceptible; Obvious |
| Haraya | Hridaya, meaning heart | Imagination |
| Hina | Hīna, meaning weaker/lower than, abandoned, deficient | Weakness; fragility |
| Hiwaga | Vihaga, meaning bird | Mystery; miracle |
| Kasubha | Kusumbha, meaning Carthamus tinctorius | Carthamus tinctorius |
| Kastuli | Kastūrī, meaning Abelmoschus moschatus | Abelmoschus moschatus |
| Katha | Kathā, meaning a feigned story, fable | Literary composition; Fiction; Invention |
| Katakata | Reduplication of Kathā, meaning a story, fable | Legend; Fable; Folk tale |
| Kalapati; Palapati | Pārāpataḥ, meaning pigeon | Pigeon |
| Kuba | Kubja, meaning hunchback | Hunchback |
| Kuta | Kota, meaning fort, stronghold | Fort |
| Ladya | Raja, meaning king, chief, sovereign | Raja |
| Lagundi | Nirgundi, meaning Vitex negundo | Vitex negundo |
| Laho | Rāhu, meaning eclipse | Eclipse,; to vanish |
| Lasa | Rasa, meaning taste, savour | Taste |
| Likha | Lekhā, meaning drawing, figure | To create |
| Madla | Mandala, meaning circle, multitude | The general public |
| Maharlika | Maharddhika, meaning prosperous | Nobility; Prehispanic Tagalog social class composed of freedmen |
| Makata | Tagalog prefix ma- + kathā, meaning a story, fable | Poet |
| Mukha | Mukha, meaning face | Face |
| Mula | Mula, meaning basis, foundation, origin, beginning | From; since; origin |
| Mutya | Mutya, meaning pearl | Amulet; Charm; Jewel; Pearl |
| Paksa | Paksha, meaning a point or matter under discussion | Theme; topic; subject |
| Palibhasa | Paribhasa, meaning speech, censure, reproof | Irony; Sarcasm; Criticism |
| Parusa | Tagalog prefix pa- + dusa, from Sanskrit doṣa | Punishment |
| Patola | Patola, meaning Trichosanthes dioica | Luffa acutangula |
| Saksí | Sākṣin, meaning eye-witness | Witness |
| Sakuna | Zakuna, meaning a bird of omen | Disaster |
| Salamuha | Samuha, meaning gathering, crowd | To mingle with people |
| Salanta | Randa, meaning maimed, crippled | Infirm |
| Salita | Carita, meaning behaviour, acts, deeds, adventures | To speak; to talk; word |
| Samantala | Samantara, meaning parallel | Meanwhile |
| Sampalataya | Sampratyaya, meaning trust, confidence | Faith |
| Sandata | Saṃyatta, meaning prepared, being on one's guard | Weapon |
| Sigla | Sīghra, meaning swift, quick, speedy | Enthusiasm; Vitality |
| Suka | Cukra, meaning vinegar | Vinegar |
| Sutla | Sūtra, meaning thread, string, wire | Silk |
| Tanikala | Sṛṅkhala, meaning chain | Chain |
| Tingga | Tivra, meaning tin, iron, steel | Tin |
| Tsampaka | Campaka, meaning Magnolia champaca | Magnolia champaca |
| Upang | Upa, meaning towards, near to | So as to, in order to |
Tamil
Close contact through commercial networks between India and Maritime Southeast Asia for more than two millennia, bolstered by the establishment of Tamil as a literary language in India starting from the 9th century, allowed the spread of Dravidian loanwords in several local languages of Southeast Asia, including Old Malay and Tagalog. A list of Tagalog words with Tamil origins are shown below.| Tagalog | Tamil | Meaning in Tamil | Meaning in Tagalog |
| Bagay | வாகை | Kind, class, sort; goods; property; means of livelihood | Thing; object; article |
| Baril | வெடில் | Explosion | Gun |
| Bilanggo | விலங்கு | Fetters; shackles; manacles | Captive; prisoner |
| Gulay | குழை | To become soft, pulpy, as well-cooked | Vegetable |
| Kalikam | காரிக்கம் | Unbleached plain cotton cloth | Embroidered breeches from Brunei |
| Kawal | காவல் | Watchman; guard | Soldier; warrior |
| Kawali | குவளை | Wide-mouthed vessel; cup | Frying pan, skillet |
| Kiyapo | கயப்பு | Aquatic flower | Pistia stratiotes |
| Mangga | மாங்காய் | Unripe mango fruit | Mangifera indica |
| Malunggay | முருங்கை | Moringa oleifera | Moringa oleifera |
| Misay | மீசை | Moustache | Moustache |
| Palisay | பரிசை | Shield; buckler | Shield used in warrior dances |
| Puto | புட்டு | A kind of confectionery | Rice cake |
| Tupa | ஆட்டுப்பட்டி | A flock of sheep | Sheep |
Arabic and Persian
There are very few words in Tagalog that are identified as Arabic or Persian in origin. According to Jean-Paul Potet, there are 60 Tagalog words that are identified with reasonable confidence as derived from Arabic or Persian, half of which are probably or unquestionably borrowed indirectly through Malay. The other half of the identified loanwords are directly derived from Arabic or Persian, like for example the word gumamela. The table below shows the different Arabic loanwords, including the archaic and poetic ones, incorporated into the Tagalog lexicon. If an Arabic loanword is considered to be borrowed through the mediation of Malay, the intermediate Malay term is also specified.Several Spanish loanwords incorporated into Tagalog have origins in the Arabic language. Examples include alahas, albayalde, alkansiya, alkatsopas, almires, asapran, baryo, kapre, kisame, etc. The table below does not include these numerous Hispano-Arabic terms as it will only focus on those loanwords which are directly borrowed from Arabic or Persian, or indirectly borrowed through Malay.
| Tagalog | Arabic/Persian | Malay intermediate | Meaning in Tagalog |
| Agimat | عَزِيمَة | Azimat | Amulet; talisman |
| Alak | عرق | Arak | Liquor |
| Anakura | ناخوذا | Nakhoda | Ship's captain |
| Daulat | دولة | Daulat | Luck; fortune; fate |
| Gumamela | جميلة | Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | |
| Hukom | حكم | Hukum | Judge |
| Katan | ختان | Circumcised | |
| Kupya | كوفية | Kopiah | Iron helmet or similar headgear |
| Malim | معلم | Malim | Maritime pilot |
| Mansigit | مسجد | Temple | |
| Paham | فَهْم | Faham | A learned person; scholar |
| Pangadyi | Tag. pang- + حاجي | Pengajian | Muslim prayer; prayer to a Tagalog deity |
| Pinggan | ﭙﻨﮔان | Pinggan | Dish plate |
| Salabat | شربة | Ginger tea | |
| Salamat | سلامة | Thank you | |
| Salapi | صرف | Coin; money | |
| Salawal | سروال | Seluar | Underpants |
| Siyak | شيخ | Siak | Muslim cleric |
| Sumbali | سبحل | Cutting the throat of an animal | |
| Sunat | سنة | Sunat | Excision of the clitoris |
Chinese
Many of the Chinese loanwords in Tagalog are derived from Hokkien, the Southern Chinese variety spoken in the Philippines. Most of the 163 Hokkien-derived terms collected and analyzed by Gloria Chan-Yap are fairly recent and do not appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog. Many of the Hokkien-derived loanwords like pancit entered the Tagalog vocabulary during the Spanish colonial era when the Philippines experienced an increased influx of Chinese immigrants as Manila became an international entrepôt with the flourishing of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. Attractive economic opportunities boosted Chinese immigration to Spanish Manila and the new Chinese settlers brought with them their skills, culinary traditions and language, with the latter then influencing the native languages of the Philippines in the form of loanwords, most of which are related to cookery.| Tagalog | Hokkien | Meaning in Hokkien | Meaning in Tagalog |
| Angkak | 紅麴/âng-khak | Red yeast rice | Red yeast rice |
| Apyan | 鴉片/a-phiàn | Opium | Opium |
| Ate | 阿姊/á-chí | Appellation for elder sister | Appellation for elder sister |
| Baktaw | 墨斗/ba̍k-táu | Carpenter's ink marker | Carpenter's ink marker |
| Bakya | 木屐/ba̍k-kia̍h | Wooden clogs | Wooden clogs |
| Bataw | 扁豆/pà-taŭ | Hyacinth bean ' | Hyacinth bean ' |
| Batsoy | 肉水/bà-cuì | Dish with loin of pork as main ingredient | Batchoy |
| Bihon | 米粉/bî-hún | Rice vermicelli | Rice vermicelli |
| Biko | 米糕/bí-kō | Sweetened rice cake | Sweetened rice cake |
| Bilawo | 米樓/bí-lâu | Literally "rice layer/level" | Flat round-shaped rice winnower and food container |
| Bimpo | 面布/bīn-pǒ | Face towel | Face towel |
| Bithay | 米篩/bi-thaî | Rice sifter | Sieve |
| Bitso | 米棗/bí-chó | Fried cake made of rice flour | Philippine terms for youtiao |
| Betsin | 味精/bī-cheng | Monosodium glutamate | Monosodium glutamate |
| Bonsay | 盆栽/phûn-chai | Bonsai; miniature potted plant | Short in height; bonsai; miniature potted plant |
| Buwisit | 無衣食/bō-uî-sít | Without clothes or food | Nuisance |
| Diko | 二哥/dī-kô | Appellation for second eldest brother | Appellation for second eldest brother |
| Ditse | 二姊/dī–cì | Appellation for second eldest sister | Appellation for second eldest sister |
| Ginto | 金條/kim-tiâu | Gold bar | Gold |
| Goto | 牛肚/gû-tǒ͘ | ox tripe | Goto - rice porridge with ox/beef tripe |
| Hikaw | 耳鉤/hǐ-kau | Earrings | Earrings |
| Hopya | 好餅/hō-pià | Sweet mung bean cake | Sweet mung bean cake |
| Hukbo | 服務/hôk-bū | Service | Army |
| Husi | 富絲/hù-si | Quality cotton | Cloth made from pineapple fibre |
| Huwepe | 火把/huè-pĕ | Torch | Torch |
| Huweteng | 花檔/huê-tĕng | Jueteng | Jueteng |
| Ingkong | ?公/in-kông | His father | Grandfather |
| Inso | ?嫂/in-só | His sister-in-law | Wife of an elder brother or male cousin |
| Intsik | ?叔/in-chek/in-chiak | His uncle; their uncle | Chinese people, language, or culture |
| Katay | 共刣/kā-thâi | To cut open together | To slaughter |
| Kintsay | 芹菜/khîn-chaĭ | Celery ' | Celery ' |
| Kiti | 雞弟/ke-tǐ | Young Chick | Young Chick |
| Kutsay | 韭菜/khû-chaĭ | Chinese chives ' | Chinese chives ' |
| Kusot | 鋸屑/kù-sùt | Sawdust | Sawdust |
| Kuya | 哥兄/ko͘–hiaⁿ | Appellation for elder brother | Appellation for elder brother |
| Lawin | 老鷹/laū-yêng | Any bird belonging to Accipitridae or Falconidae | Any bird belonging to Accipitridae or Falconidae |
| Lawlaw | 老/laû | Old | Dangling; Sagging; Hanging loose |
| Lithaw | 犁頭/lé-thaú | Plough | Ploughshare |
| Lomi | 滷麵/ló͘-mī | Lor mee - Chinese noodle dish | Lomi |
| Loryat | 鬧熱/lāu-dia̍t | bustling; thronged; noisy | Lauriat - A special Filipino-Chinese banquet with many courses |
| Lumpiya | 潤餅/lûn-pià | Fried or fresh spring rolls | Fried or fresh spring rolls |
| Mami | 肉麵/mà-mĭ | Meat and noodles in soup | Meat and noodles in soup |
| Maselan | ma- + 西儂/se-lâng | Westerner; Of the Western world | Delicate; sensitive; hard to please |
| Miswa | 麵線/mī-sòaⁿ | Misua - Chinese salted noodles | Very thin variety of salted noodle Misua soup |
| Pansit | 便食/pân-si̍t | Dish that is conveniently cooked i.e. noodle dish | Pancit - any noodle dish |
| Pakyaw | 跋繳/pák-kiaù | To submit by bundles | Wholesale buying |
| Paslang | 拍死人/phah-sí-lāng | To kill | To kill |
| Petsay | 白菜/pē-chaĭ | Napa cabbage | Napa cabbage |
| Pesa | 白煠魚/pē-sà-hí | Plain boiled fish | Plain boiled fish |
| Pinse | 硼砂/piên-sē | Borax | Borax |
| Pisaw | 匕首/pì-siù | Dagger | Small knife |
| Puntaw | 糞斗/pùn-taù | Dustpan | Dustpan |
| Puthaw | 斧頭/pú-thâu | Axe | Hatchet; Small axe |
| Sampan | 舢板/san-pán | Chinese boat; Chinese junk | Chinese boat; Chinese junk |
| Samyo | 糝藥粉/sám+iôq+hùn | To sprinkle medicinal powder | Aroma; Fragrance; Sweet odor |
| Sangko | 三哥/sâ-kô | Appellation for third eldest brother | Appellation for third eldest brother |
| Sanse | 三姊/sâ–cì | Appellation for third eldest sister | Appellation for third eldest sister |
| Singki | 新客/sin-kheh | New guest or customer | Newcomer; Beginner |
| Sitaw | 青豆/chî-taŭ | Chinese long bean | Chinese long bean |
| Siyaho | 姐夫/tsiá-hu | Brother-in-law | Husband of an elder sister or female cousin |
| Siyakoy | 油炸粿/iû-cha̍h-kóe | Youtiao | Shakoy |
| Siyansi | 煎匙/chian-sî | Kitchen turner | Kitchen turner |
| Sotanghon | 蘇打粉/so͘-táⁿ-hún | Cellophane noodles | Cellophane noodles |
| Suki | 主客/chù–khè | Important costumer | Regular customer; Patron |
| Sungki | 伸牙/chûn-khì | Protruding tooth | Buck tooth |
| Susi | 鎖匙/só–sî | Key | Key |
| Suwahe | 沙蝦/suā-hé | Greasyback shrimp ' | Greasyback shrimp ' |
| Suya | 衰啊/soe-a | Expression for "How unlucky!" | Disgust |
| Siyokoy | 水鬼/cuí-kuì | Water spirit; Water devil | Merman |
| Siyomay | 燒賣/siō-maĭ | Steamed dumpling | Shumai/Siomai - Steamed dumpling |
| Siyopaw | 燒包/siō-paŭ | Meat-filled steamed bun | Siopao - Meat-filled steamed bun |
| Taho | 豆花/taū-hû | Tofu | Taho |
| Tahure | 豆花/taū-hû | Tofu | Fermented tofu in soy sauce |
| Tanga | 蟲仔/thâng-á | Little insect/bug/worm | Clothes moth |
| Tanglaw | 燈籠/tiêng-laú | Lamp; Lantern | Light |
| Tanso | 銅索/táng-sò | Copper wire | Copper, Bronze |
| Tawsi | 豆豉/tāu-si | Beans preserved in soy sauce | Beans preserved in soy sauce |
| Timsim | 灯心/tiêng-sîm | Lampwick | Lampwick |
| Tinghoy | 燈火/tiêng-huè | Wick lamp | Wick lamp in glass filled with oil |
| Tikoy | 甜粿/tiⁿ-kóe | Sweetened rice cake | Sweetened rice cake |
| Tito | 豬肚/ti-tǒ͘ | Pig tripe | Pork Tito - pig tripe |
| Toge | 豆芽/tāu-gê | Bean sprout | Bean sprout |
| Tokwa | 豆乾/taū-kuâ | Tofu | Tofu |
| Totso | 豆油醋魚/taū-iū-chò-hí | Fish cooked in soy sauce and vinegar | Sautéed fish with tahure |
| Toyo | 豆油/tāu–iû | Soy sauce | Soy sauce |
| Tsaa | 茶仔/chhâ-á | Tea | Tea |
| Tutsang | 頭鬃/thâu-chang | Hair | Short hair on a woman's head |
| Upo | 瓠瓜/ō-pú | Bottle gourd ' | Bottle gourd ' |
| Utaw | 黑豆/ō-taŭ | Black Soybean ' | Soybean ' |
| Wansoy | 芫荽/iān-suî | Cilantro ' | Cilantro ' |
Japanese
There are very few Tagalog words that are derived from Japanese. Many of them are introduced as recently as the twentieth century like tansan and karaoke although there are very few Japanese words that appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog such as katana.Some Filipino jokes are based on comical reinterpretation of Japanese terms as Tagalog words like for example in the case of otousan which is reinterpreted as utusan in Tagalog. As for the Tagalog word Japayuki, it refers to the Filipino migrants who flocked to Japan starting in the 1980s to work as entertainers and it is a portmanteau of the English word Japan and the Japanese word yuki.
| Tagalog | Japanese | Meaning in Japanese | Meaning in Tagalog |
| Dorobo | 泥棒 | Thief; burglar; robber | Thief; burglar; robber |
| Dyak en poy | じゃん拳ぽん | Rock–paper–scissors game | Rock–paper–scissors game |
| Kampay | 乾杯 | Cheers! | Cheers! |
| Karaoke | カラオケ | Karaoke | Karaoke |
| Karate | 空手 | Karate | Karate |
| Katana | 刀 | Katana; a Japanese sword | Katana; a Japanese sword |
| Katol | 蚊取り線香 | Mosquito coil; anti-mosquito incense | Mosquito coil; anti-mosquito incense |
| Kimona | 着物 | Kimono | Traditional Philippine blouse made of piña or jusi |
| Kirey | 奇麗 | Pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair | Pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair |
| Kokang | 交換 | Exchange; interchange | Exchange; interchange |
| Pampan | ぱんぱん | Prostitute | Prostitute |
| Shabu | シャブ | Methamphetamine hydrochloride | Methamphetamine hydrochloride |
| Taksan-taksan | 沢山 | Much; many | Much; many |
| Tansan | 炭酸 | Carbonated water | Bottle cap |
| Tsunami | 津波 | Tsunami; tidal wave | Tsunami; tidal wave |
Nahuatl
Tagalog gained Nahuatl words through Spanish from the Galleon trade with Mexico during the Hispanic era.Here are some examples:
| Tagalog Word | Nahuatl Root Word | Spanish Word | Meaning and Further Comments |
| Abokado | Ahuacatl | Aguacate | Persea americana |
| Akapulko | Acapolco | Acapulco | Senna alata |
| Alpasotis | Epazotl | Epazote | Chenopodium ambrosioides |
| Atole | Atolli | Atole | Paste made from flour |
| Atsuwete | Achiotl | Achiote | Bixa orellana |
| Guwatsinanggo | Cuauchilnacatl | Guachinango | Shrewd; cunning; astute |
| Kakaw | Cacáhuatl | Cacao | Theobroma cacao |
| Kakawati | Cacáhuatl | Cacahuate | Gliricidia sepium |
| Kalatsutsi | Cacaloxochitl | Cacalosúchil | Plumeria rubra |
| Kamatis | Tomatl | Tomate | Solanum lycopersicum |
| Kamatsile | Cuamóchitl | Guamúchil | Pithecellobium dulce |
| Kamote | Camotli | Camote | Ipomoea batatas |
| Koyote | Coyotl | Coyote | Canis latrans |
| Kulitis | Quilitl | Quelite | Amaranthus viridis |
| Mekate | Mecatl | Mecate | Rope or cord made out of abaca |
| Mehiko | Mēxihco | Mexico | Mexico |
| Nanay | Nantli | Nana | Mother |
| Paruparo | Papalotl | Papalote | Butterfly |
| Petate | Petlatl | Petate | Woven palm-matting |
| Peyote | Peyotl | Peyote | Lophophora williamsii |
| Pitaka | Petlacalli | Petaca | Coin purse |
| Sakate | Zacatl | Zacate | Hay or grass for fodder |
| Sangkaka | Chiancaca | Chancaca | Cakes of hardened molasses |
| Sapote | Tzapotl | Zapote | Pouteria sapota |
| Sayote | Chayotli | Chayote | Sechium edule |
| Sili | Chīlli | Chile | Chili pepper |
| Singkamas | Xicamatl | Jicama | Pachyrhizus erosus |
| Sisiwa | Chichiua | Chichigua | Wet nurse |
| Tamalis | Tamalli | Tamal | Rice-based tamales wrapped in banana leaves or corn husks |
| Tapangko | Tlapanco | Tapanco | Awning |
| Tatay | Tahtli | Tata | Father |
| Tisa | Tizatl | Tiza | Chalk |
| Tiyangge | Tianquiztli | Tianguis | Open-air market |
| Tokayo | Tocayotia | Tocayo | Namesake |
| Tsiklet | Chictli | Chicle | Chewing gum |
| Tsiko | Tzicozapotl | Chicozapote | Manilkara zapota |
| Tsokolate | Xocolatl | Chocolate | Chocolate |