List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions
This is a list of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions, including hospital orders. This list does not include abbreviations for pharmaceuticals or drug name suffixes such as CD, CR, ER, XT.
Capitalization and the use of periods are a matter of style. In the list, abbreviations in English are capitalized whereas those in Latin are not.
These abbreviations can be verified in reference works, both recent
and older.
Some of those works are so comprehensive that their entire content cannot be reproduced here. This list includes all that are frequently encountered in today's health care in English-speaking regions.
Some of these are obsolete ; others remain current.
Abbreviations which are deprecated by the Joint Commission are marked in red. Those abbreviations which are deprecated by other organizations, such as the Institute for Safe Medication Practices and the American Medical Association, are marked in orange.
The Joint Commission is an independent, non-profit, non-governmental organization which offers accreditation to hospitals and other health care organizations in the United States. While their recommendations are not binding on U.S. physicians, they are required of organizations who wish accreditation by the Joint Commission.
Table
| Not recommended for use in the United States by the Joint Commission |
| Not recommended for use by other organizations, such as the ISMP ) |
| Abbreviation or symbol | Latin, Greek, or New Latin | English | Possible confusion | - |
| aa, āā, ĀĀ | ana | of each | - | |
| AAA | apply to affected area | abdominal aortic aneurysm | - | |
| a.c. | ante cibum | before meals | - | |
| a.c.h.s., ac&hs | ante cibum et hora somni | before meals and at bedtime | - | |
| a.d. | auris dextra | right ear | A single-storey "a" can be mistaken as an "o" which could read "o.d.", meaning right eye | - |
| ad., add. | adde addatur | add let there be added | - | |
| ad lib. | ad libitum | Latin, "at one's pleasure"; as much as one desires; freely | Compare pro re nata, "as needed", which by convention includes an aspect of "up to some maximum". Similarly, compare s.o.s., q.l., and q.s. | - |
| admov. | admove admoveatur | apply add add; let there be added | - | |
| ad us. | ad usum | according to custom | - | |
| æq. | æquales | equal | - | |
| agit. | agita | agitate | - | |
| alt. d., alt. dieb. | alternis diebus | every other day; on alternate days | - | |
| alt. h., alt. hor. | alternis horis | every other hour; at alternate hours | - | |
| a.m. | ante meridiem | morning, before noon | - | |
| amp. | ampulla | ampule | - | |
| amt | amount | - | ||
| aq. | aqua | water | - | |
| aq. bull. | aqua bulliens | boiling water | - | |
| aq. com. | aqua communis | common water | - | |
| aq. dest. | aqua destillata | distilled water | - | |
| aq. ferv. | aqua fervens | hot water | - | |
| a.l., a.s. | auris laeva, auris sinistra | left ear | "a" can be mistaken as an "o" which could read "o.s." or "o.l", meaning left eye | - |
| ATC | around the clock | - | ||
| a.u. | auris utraque | both ears | "a" can be mistaken as an "o" which could read "o.u.", meaning both eyes | - |
| BDS, b.d.s. | bis die sumendum | twice daily | - | |
| bib. | bibe | drink | - | |
| bis | bis | twice | - | |
| b.i.d., b.d. | bis in die | twice daily | AMA style avoids use of this abbreviation | - |
| bis ind. | bis indies | twice a day | - | |
| bis in 7 d. | bis in septem diebus | twice a week | - | |
| BM | bowel movement | Commonly used in the United Kingdom when discussing blood sugar. From BM Stix – the measurement sticks used for calculating blood sugar; BM being an abbreviation of Boehringer Mannheim. | - | |
| BNF | British National Formulary | - | ||
| bol. | bolus | as a large single dose | - | |
| BP, Ph.Br. | Pharmacopoeia Britannica | British Pharmacopoeia | - | |
| BS | blood sugar | - | ||
| BSA | body surface area | - | ||
| b.t. | bedtime | mistaken for "b.i.d", meaning twice daily | - | |
| bucc. | bucca | buccal | - | |
| cap., caps. | capsula | capsule | - | |
| cap. | capiat | let him take | - | |
| c.m. | cras mane | tomorrow morning | - | |
| c.m.s. | cras mane sumendus | to be taken tomorrow morning | - | |
| c̄, c. | cum | with | - | |
| cib. | cibus | food | - | |
| c.c. | cum cibo | with food cubic centimetre | mistaken for "U", meaning units; also has an ambiguous meaning; use "mL" or "milliliters" | - |
| cf. | confer | compare | - | |
| c.n. | cras nocte | tomorrow night | - | |
| cochl. | cochleare | spoonful | - | |
| cochl. ampl. | cochleare amplum | an ample spoonful | - | |
| cochl. infant. | cochleare infantis | a small spoonful | - | |
| cochl. mag. | cochleare magnum | a large spoonful | - | |
| cochl. mod. | cochleare modicum | a modest spoonful | - | |
| cochl. parv. | cochleare parvum | a scant spoonful | - | |
| colet. | coletur | let it be strained | - | |
| comp. | compositus | compound | - | |
| contin. | continuetur | let it be continued | - | |
| cpt. | capiat | let him take | - | |
| cr., crm | cream | - | ||
| CST | continue same treatment | - | ||
| cuj. | cujus | of which | - | |
| c.v. | cras vespere | tomorrow evening | - | |
| cyath. | cyathus | a glassful | - | |
| cyath. vinos. | cyathus vinosus | a wine-glassful | - | |
| D, d. | die dosis | days doses | ambiguous meaning, write out "days" or "doses" | - |
| D5LR | dextrose 5% in lactated Ringer's solution | - | ||
| D5NS | dextrose 5% in normal saline | - | ||
| D5W, D5W | dextrose 5% in water | - | ||
| D10W, D10W | dextrose 10% in water | - | ||
| da | da | give | - | |
| DAW | dispense as written | - | ||
| DC, dc, D/C, disc | discontinue discharge | ambiguous meaning | - | |
| decoct. | decoctum | decoction | - | |
| det. | detur | let it be given | - | |
| dieb. alt. | diebus alternis | every other day; on alternate days | - | |
| dil. | dilute | - | ||
| dim. | dimidius | one-half | - | |
| d. in p. æ. | divide in partes æquales | divide into equal parts | - | |
| disp. | dispersible dispense | - | ||
| div. | divide | divide; let it be divided | - | |
| dL | deciliter | - | ||
| DS | double strength | - | ||
| d.t.d. | dentur tales doses | give of such doses | - | |
| DTO | deodorized tincture of opium | can easily be confused with "diluted tincture of opium," which is 1/25th the strength of deodorized tincture of opium; deaths have resulted due to massive morphine overdose. Compare laudanum and paregoric. | - | |
| DW | distilled water dextrose in water | - | ||
| elix. | elixir | elixir | - | |
| e.m.p. | ex modo prescripto | as directed | - | |
| emuls. | emulsum | emulsion | - | |
| et | et | and | - | |
| EOD | every other day | - | ||
| ex aq. | ex aqua | in water; with water | - | |
| exhib. | exhibiatur | let it be given | - | |
| f. | fiat | make; let it be made | - | |
| f.h. | fiat haustus | make a draught | - | |
| fl., fld. | fluidus | fluid | - | |
| f.m. | fiat mistura | make a mixture | - | |
| f. pil. | fiat pilula | make a pill | - | |
| f.s.a. | fiat secundum artem | make according to art | - | |
| ft. | fiat | make; let it be made | - | |
| g, gm | gram | - | ||
| garg. | gargarisma | gargle | - | |
| gr. | granum | grain | - | |
| gtt | gutta | drop | - | |
| gutt. | gutta | drop | - | |
| H | hypodermic | - | ||
| h, hr, hor. | hora | hour | - | |
| habt. | habeat | let him have | - | |
| hor. alt. | hora alternis | every other hour | - | |
| hor. decub. | hora decubitus | at bedtime | - | |
| hor. intermed. | horis intermediis | at intermediate hours | - | |
| hor. tert. | horis tertiis | every third hour | - | |
| h.s. | hora somni | at bedtime half-strength | ambiguous ; spell out | - |
| IBW | ideal body weight | - | ||
| ID | intradermal | - | ||
| IJ, inj. | injectio | injection | mistaken for "IV", meaning intravenously | - |
| i.m., IM | intramuscular | - | ||
| IN | intranasal | mistaken for "IM", meaning intramuscular, or "IV", meaning intravenously | - | |
| ind. | indies | daily | - | |
| inf. | infusum | infusion / intravenous infusion | - | |
| i | unus tabuletta | one tablet | - | |
| ii | duo tabuletta | two tablets | - | |
| iii | tres tabuletta | three tablets | - | |
| IO | intraossseous | - | ||
| IP | intraperitoneal | - | ||
| IT | intrathecal | mistaken for other abbreviations; spell out | - | |
| IU | international unit | mistaken for "IV" or "10", spell out "international unit" | - | |
| i.v., IV | intravenous | - | ||
| i.v.p., IVP | intravenous push | - | ||
| IVPB | intravenous piggyback | - | ||
| kg | kilogram | - | ||
| LAS | label as such | - | ||
| lat. dol. | lateri dolenti | to the painful side | - | |
| lb. | libra | pound | - | |
| l.c.d. | liquor carbonis detergens | coal tar solution | - | |
| lin | linimentum | liniment | - | |
| liq. | liquor | solution | - | |
| lot. | lotio | lotion | - | |
| M., m. | misce | mix | - | |
| mane | mane | in the morning | - | |
| max. | maximum | maximum | - | |
| mcg | microgram | Recommended replacement for "μg" which may be confused with "mg" | - | |
| mdi | metered dose inhaler | - | ||
| m.d.u. | more dicto utendus | to be used as directed | - | |
| mEq | milliequivalent | - | ||
| mg | milligram | - | ||
| mg/dL | milligrams per deciliter | - | ||
| MgSO4 | magnesium sulfate | may be confused with "MSO4", spell out "magnesium sulfate" | - | |
| midi | at midday | - | ||
| min. | minimum minim minutum | minimum minim minute | - | |
| mist. | mistura | mixture | - | |
| mit., mitt. | mitte | number of tablets provided | ||
| mL | millilitre | - | ||
| mod. præscript. | modo præscripto | in the manner directed | - | |
| MS | morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate | can mean either morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate, spell out either | - | |
| MSO4 | morphine sulfate | may be confused with "MgSO4", spell out "morphine sulfate" | - | |
| nebul, neb. | nebula | a spray - nebulizer | - | |
| NMT | not more than | - | ||
| noct. | nocte | at night | - | |
| non rep. | non repetatur | no repeats | - | |
| NPO, n.p.o. | nil per os | nothing by mouth | AMA style avoids use of this abbreviation | - |
| NS | normal saline | - | ||
| 1/2NS | half-normal saline | - | ||
| NTE | not to exceed | - | ||
| o 2, o2 | both eyes | "O2" usually means oxygen or oxygen therapy | - | |
| o.d. | omni die | every day | - | |
| o.d. | oculus dexter | right eye | "o" can be mistaken as an "a" which could read "a.d.", meaning right ear, confusion with "omni die" | - |
| o.m. | omni mane | every morning | - | |
| omn. bih. | omni bihora | every 2 hours | - | |
| omn. hor. | omni hora | every hour | - | |
| o.n. | omni nocte | every night | - | |
| OPD | once per day | - | ||
| o.s. | oculus sinister | left eye | "o" can be mistaken as an "a" which could read "a.s.", meaning left ear | - |
| o.u. | oculus uterque | both eyes | "o" can be mistaken as an "a" which could read "a.u.", meaning both ears | - |
| oz | ounce | - | ||
| p. | perstetur | continue | - | |
| part. æq. | partes æquales | equal parts | - | |
| per | per | by or through | - | |
| p.c. | post cibum | after meals | - | |
| p.c.h.s., pc&hs | post cibum et hora somni | after meals and at bedtime | - | |
| Ph.Br., BP | Pharmacopoeia Britannica | British Pharmacopoeia | - | |
| Ph.Eur. | Pharmacopoeia Europaea | European Pharmacopoeia | - | |
| Ph.Int. | Pharmacopoeia Internationalis | International Pharmacopoeia | - | |
| pig./pigm. | pigmentum | paint | - | |
| p.m. | post meridiem | evening or afternoon | - | |
| p.o. | per os | by mouth or orally | AMA style avoids use of this abbreviation | - |
| ppt. | præparata | prepared | - | |
| p.r., PR | per rectum | rectally | - | |
| p.r.n., PRN | pro re nata | as needed | - | |
| pt. | perstetur | continue | - | |
| pulv. | pulvis | powder | - | |
| p.v., PV | per vaginam | vaginally | - | |
| q | quaque | every, per | - | |
| q.1 h, q.1° | quaque 1 hora | every 1 hour | - | |
| q4PM | at 4 pm | mistaken to mean every 4 hours | - | |
| q.a.d. | quaque alternis die | every other day | - | |
| q.a.m. | quaque die ante meridiem | every morning | - | |
| q.d./q.1.d. | quaque die | every day | mistaken for "QOD" or "qds," spell out "every day" or "daily". AMA style avoids use of this abbreviation | - |
| q.d.a.m. | quaque die ante meridiem | once daily in the morning | - | |
| q.d.p.m. | quaque die post meridiem | once daily in the evening | - | |
| q.d.s. | quater die sumendus | 4 times a day | can be mistaken for "qd" | - |
| q.p.m. | quaque die post meridiem | every evening | - | |
| q.h. | quaque hora | every hour | - | |
| q.h.s. | quaque hora somni | every night at bedtime | can be mistaken as "q.h.r." | - |
| q.i.d. | quater in die | 4 times a day | can be mistaken for "qd" or "qod," write out "4 times a day". AMA style avoids use of this abbreviation | - |
| q.l. | quantum libet | as much as is requisite | - | |
| q.n. | quaque nocte | every night | can be mistaken as "q.h." | - |
| q.o.d. | quaque altera die | every other day | mistaken for "QD," spell out "every other day". AMA style avoids use of this abbreviation | - |
| q.q. | quaque | every; each | - | |
| q.q.h. | quater quaque hora | every 4 hours | - | |
| q.s. | quantum sufficiat, quantum sufficit, quantum satis | as much as ; a sufficient quantity | - | |
| q.s. a.d | add up to | - | - | - |
| q.v. | quantum volueris quod vide | at will which see | - | |
| QWK | every week | - | ||
| rep., rept. | repetatur | repeats | - | |
| RL, R/L | Ringer's lactate | - | ||
| Rx, Rx, RX, ℞, Rp | take | - | ||
| rep. | repetatur | let it be repeated | - | |
| s. | signa | write | - | |
| s.a. | secundum artem | according to the art | - | |
| [|SC] | subcutaneous | "SC" can be mistaken for "SL," meaning sublingual. See also [|SQ] | - | |
| sem. | semen | seed | - | |
| s.i.d. | semel in die | once a day | used exclusively in veterinary medicine | - |
| sig. | signa, signetur | write | - | |
| s̄ | sine | without | - | |
| sing. | singulorum | of each | - | |
| SL, s.l. | sub lingua | sublingually, under the tongue | - | |
| SOB | shortness of breath | - | ||
| sol. | solutio | solution | - | |
| s.o.s., si op. sit | si opus sit | if there is a need | - | |
| s.s., SS | semisse | one-half sliding scale | mistaken for "55" or "1/2" | - |
| SSI | sliding scale insulin or sliding scale regular insulin | mistaken to mean "strong solution of iodine" or "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor". See also [|SSRI] | - | |
| SQ | subcutaneously | "SQ" can be mistaken for "5Q" meaning "5 every dose". See also SC | - | |
| SSRI | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sliding scale regular insulin | ambiguous. Do not abbreviate | - | |
| st. | stet | let it stand | - | |
| stat | statim | immediately | - | |
| SubQ | subcutaneously | - | ||
| sum. | sumat sumendum | let him take let it be taken | - | |
| supp. | suppositorium | suppository | - | |
| susp. | suspensio | suspension | - | |
| syr. | syrupus | syrup | - | |
| tab. | tabella | tablet | - | |
| tal., t. | talus | such | - | |
| tbsp | tablespoon | - | ||
| t.d.s., TDS | ter die sumendum | 3 times a day | - | |
| t.i.d., t.d. | ter in die | 3 times a day | AMA style avoids use of this abbreviation | - |
| tinct. | tinctura | tincture | - | |
| t.i.w. | 3 times a week | mistaken for "twice a week" | - | |
| top. | topical | - | ||
| TPN | total parenteral nutrition | - | ||
| tr, tinc., tinct. | tinctura | tincture | - | |
| trit. | triturate | grind to a powder | - | |
| troch. | trochiscus | lozenge | - | |
| tsp | teaspoon | - | ||
| U | unit | mistaken for a "4", "0" or "cc", spell out "unit" | - | |
| u.d., ut. dict. | ut dictum | as directed | - | |
| ung. | unguentum | ointment | - | |
| USP | United States Pharmacopeia | - | ||
| vag. | vagine | vaginally | - | |
| w | with | - | ||
| w/a | while awake | - | ||
| w/f | with food | - | ||
| w/o | without | - | ||
| X, x | times | - | ||
| YO, y.o. | years old | - | ||
| μg | microgram | mistaken for "mg", meaning milligram | - | |
| @ | at | mistaken for "2"; spell out "at" | - | |
| > | greater than | mistaken for a "7" | - | |
| < | less than | mistaken for an "L" | - | |
| ℔ | libra | pound | - | |
| ℥ | uncia | ounce | - | |
| ʒ | drachma | dram | - | |
| ℈ | scrupulus | scruple | - | |
| ° | hour | - |
Similarity of handwritten letters
Especially in handwritten prescriptions or orders, and most especially in hasty handwriting, letter shape can be ambiguous. The example below compares "a" and "o" in a script where both consist of an incoming stroke, a loop from about 12 o'clock, and an outgoing stroke. They differ only in the angle of the latter.Numerical notation
When expressing a numerical quantity, Roman numerals are commonly used in place of Arabic digits so as to avoid confusion. The numbers 1 - 3, usually written as upper-case Roman numerals, often have the appearance of a capital "T" or a series of capital "T's" with a dot above each "T." They are also sometimes written as lower-case Roman numerals.Currently discouraged practices
- Abbreviating names of drugs
- Using apothecary's units
- Using trailing zeros or not using a leading zero