List of Plasmodium species infecting primates
The Plasmodium species infecting primates include the parasites causing malaria in humans.
Species infecting humans
Common infections
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium vivax
- Plasmodium ovale curtisi
- Plasmodium ovale wallikeri
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium knowlesi
Rare cases
- Plasmodium cynomolgi
- Plasmodium inui
- Plasmodium schwetzi
- Plasmodium semiovale
- Plasmodium simium
One possible experimental infection has been reported with Plasmodium eylesi. Fever and low grade parasitemia were apparent at 15 days. The volunteer had previously been infected by Plasmodium cynomolgi and the infection was not transferable to a gibbon so this cannot be regarded as definitive evidence of its ability to infect humans. A second case has been reported that may have been a case of P. eylesi but the author was not certain of the infecting species.
A possible infection with Plasmodium tenue has been reported. This report described a case of malaria in a three-year-old black girl from Georgia, United States, who had never been outside the US. She suffered from both P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria and while forms similar to those described for P. tenue were found in her blood even the author was skeptical about the validity of the diagnosis.
Confusingly Plasmodium tenue was proposed in the same year for a species found in birds. The human species is now considered to be likely to have been a misdiagnosis and the bird species is described on the Plasmodium tenue page.
Former names
Taxonomy in parasitology until the advent of DNA based methods has always been a problem and revisions in this area are continuing. A number of synonyms have been given for the species infecting humans that are no longer recognised as valid. Since perusal of the older literature may be confusing some currently defunct species names are listed here.Plasmodium shortii and Plasmodium osmaniae are now considered to be junior synonyms of Plasmodium inui.
''Plasmodium'' taxonomy
- P. cynomolgi - P. cynomolgi bastianelli, P. cynomolgi ceylonensis and P. cynomolgi cynomolgi.
- P. inui - P. inui inui and P. inui shortii
- P. knowlesi - P. knowlesi edesoni and P. knowlesi knowlesi.
- P. ovale - P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri
- P. vivax - P. vivax hibernans, P. vivax chesson and P. vivax multinucleatum.
- P. brasilianum, P. inui and P. rodhaini are similar to P. malariae
- P. cynomolgi, P. fragile, P. knowlesi, P. simium and P. schwetzi are similar to P. vivax
- P. fieldi and P. simiovale are similar to P. ovale
- P. falciparum is closely related to P. reichenowi.
Subspecies
Subspecies infecting primates |
*P. cynomolgi — P. cynomolgi bastianelli and P. cynomolgi ceylonensis.
|
Species infecting other hosts
Most if not all Plasmodium species infect more than one host: the host records shown here should be regarded as incomplete.- P. billbrayi - chimpanzees
- P. billcollinsi - chimpanzees
- P. bouillize - Cercopithecis campbelli
- P. brasilianum - Alouatta fusca, Alouatta palliata, Alouatta seniculus straminea, Alouatta villosa, several night monkey species, Aotus nigriceps, Ateles fusciceps, Ateles geoffroyi, Ateles geoffroyi grisescens, Ateles paniscus, Ateles paniscus paniscus, Ateles paniscus chamek, Brachyteles arachnoides, Callicebus moloch ornatus, Callicebus torquatus, Cebus albifrons, Cebus apella, Cebus capucinus, Cebus capucinus capucinus, Cebus capucinus imitator, Chiropotes chiropotes, Lagothrix cana, Lagothrix infumata, Lagothrix lagotricha, Saimiri boliviense, Saimiri sciureus and Saimiri ustus.
- P. bucki - Lemur macaco macaco
- P. cercopitheci - Cercopithecis nictitans
- P. coatneyi - crab eating macque and Javanese long-tailed macaque, silvered leaf monkey
- P. coulangesi - Lemur macaco macaco
- P. cynomolgi - bear macaque, Formosan rock macaque, crab eating macque, Javanese long-tailed macaque, rhesus monkey, southern pig-tailed macaque, bonnet macaque, toque macaque, orangutan, silver leaf monkey and Hanuman langur
- P. eylesi - several gibbon species including Hylobates lar
- P. falciparum - gorillas, rhesus monkey, bonnet macaque, bonobos
- P. fieldi - the crab eating macque, the rhesus monkey, the pig-tailed macaque, the bonnet macaque and the baboon.
- P. foleyi - Lemur fulvus rufus
- P. fragile - Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, Aotus nancymaae, Aotus vociferans, crab eating macque, rhesus monkey, bonnet macaque, toque macaque and Saimiri boliviensis
- P. inui - Formosan rock macaque, crab eating macque, bonnet macaque
- P. gaboni - chimpanzees
- P. georgesi - black crested mangabey
- P. girardi - Lemur fulvus rufus, Lemur macaco macaco
- P. gonderi - black crested mangabey, Cercocebus aterrimus, sooty mangabey, Tana River mangabey, crab eating macque and drills
- P. gora - gorillas
- P. gorb - gorillas
- P. hylobati - several gibbon species including Hylobates lar and Hylobates moloch
- P. inui - Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, Aotus nancymaae, Celebes black ape, Assamese macques, crab eating macque, rhesus monkey, southern pig-tailed macaque, bonnet macaque, several Presbytis species, Saimiri boliviensis
- P. jefferyi - several gibbon species
- P. joyeuxi - Cercopithecis callitricus
- P. knowlesi - crab eating macque, pig-tailed macaque and Presbytis malalophus
- P. knowlesi edesoni - Javanese long-tailed macaque
- P. lemuris - lemurs
- P. lomamiensis - bonobos
- P. malagasi - lemurs
- P. malariae - brown howler monkey, black howler monkey chimpanzee
- P. ovale - chimpanzees
- P. percygarnhami - Lemur macaco macaco
- P. petersi - black crested mangabey
- P. pitheci - orangutans
- P. reichenowi - chimpanzee species and gorilla species
- P. rodhaini - chimpanzee species and gorilla species
- P. sandoshami - Malayan flying lemur
- P. semnopitheci - northern plains gray langur
- P. schwetzi - chimpanzee species and gorilla species
- P. semiovale - toque macaque
- P. shortii - bonnet macaque and toque macaque
- P. silvaticum - orangutans
- P. simium - several howler monkeys species including the brown howler monkey and woolly spider monkey
- P. uilenbergi - Lemur fulvus fulvus
- P. vivax - orangutans, chimpanzees, monkeys Saimiri boliviensis, Aotus lemurinus griseimambra, the brown howler monkey and tamarins
- P. youngei - white handed gibbon
Primate groups and Plasmodium species
New World monkeys of the family Cebidae: P. brasilianum and P. simiumOld World monkeys of the family Cercopithecidae: P. coatneyi, P. cynomolgi, P. fieldi, P. fragile, P.gonderi, P. georgesi, P. inui, P. knowlesi, P. petersi, P. shortti and P. simiovale
Gibbons of the family Hylobatidae: P. eylesi, P. hylobati, P. jefferyi and P. youngi
Orangutans : P. pitheci and P. silvaticum
Gorillas and chimpanzees: P. billcollini, P. billbrayii, P. falciparum, P. gabonensi, P. gora, P. gorb, P. reichenowi, P. rodhaini and P. schwetzi
Mosquitoes known to transmit human malaria listed by region
This listing may be incomplete as the taxonomy of this genus is under revision.North American
- Anopheles freeborni
- Anopheles quadrimaculatus
- Anopheles albimarus
- Anopheles aztecus
- Anopheles punctimacula
- Anopheles pseudopunctipennis
- Anopheles albimanus
- Anopheles albitarsis
- Anopheles aquasalis
- Anopheles argyritarsis
- Anopheles darlingi
- Anopheles pseudopunctipennis
- Anopheles punctimacula
- Anopheles bellator
- Anopheles cruzii
- Anopheles neivai
- Anopheles albimanus
- Anopheles albitarsis
- Anopheles aquasalis
- Anopheles argyritarsis
- Anopheles braziliensis
- Anopheles darlingi
- Anopheles nuneztovari
- Anopheles triannulatus
- Anopheles atroparvus
- Anopheles messeae
- Anopheles sacharovi
- Anopheles sinensis
- Anopheles pattoni
- Anopheles atroparvus
- Anopheles claviger
- Anopheles labranchiae
- Anopheles messeae
- Anopheles sacharovi
- Anopheles Hispaniola
- Anopheles superpictus
- Anopheles culicifacies
- Anopheles fluviatilis
- Anopheles Hispaniola
- Anopheles multicolor
- Anopheles pharoensis
- Anopheles sergentii
- Anopheles arabiensis
- Anopheles funestus
- Anopheles gambiae
- Anopheles melas
- Anopheles merus
- Anopheles moucheti
- Anopheles nili
- Anopheles pharoensis
- Anopheles sacharovi
- Anopheles aconitus
- Anopheles annularis
- Anopheles culicifacies
- Anopheles fluviatilis
- Anopheles jeyporiensis
- Anopheles minimus
- Anopheles philippinensis
- Anopheles pulcherrimus
- Anopheles stephensi
- Anopheles sundaicus
- Anopheles superpictus
- Anopheles tessellatus
- Anopheles varuna
- Anopheles nigerrimus
- Anopheles annularis
- Anopheles culicifacies
- Anopheles dirus
- Anopheles fluviatilis
- Anopheles jeyporiensis
- Anopheles maculatus
- Anopheles minimus
- Anopheles campestris
- Anopheles conaldi
- Anopheles donaldi
- Anopheles letifer
- Anopheles nigerrimus
- Anopheles whartoni
- Anopheles acconitus
- Anopheles balabacensis
- Anopheles dirus
- Anopheles flavirostris
- Anopheles jeyporiensis
- Anopheles leucosphyrus
- Anopheles ludlowae
- Anopheles maculatus
- Anopheles mangyanu
- Anopheles minimus
- Anopheles philippiensis
- Anopheles subpictus
- Anopheles sundaicus
- Anopheles anthropophagus
- Anopheles sinensis
- Anopheles balabacensis
- Anopheles jeyporiensis
- Anopheles pattoni
- Anopheles bacroftii
- Anopheles farauti type 1
- Anopheles farauti type 2
- Anopheles hilli
- Anopheles karwari
- Anopheles koliensis
- Anopheles punctulatus
- Anopheles subpictus
Primate mosquito vectors and associated ''Plasmodium'' species
- Anopheles albimanus - P. fieldi, P. vivax
- Anopheles albitarsis - P. vivax
- Anopheles aquasalis - P. vivax
- Anopheles arabensis - P. falciparum
- Anopheles argyritarsi - P. vivax
- Anopheles argyropus - P. fieldi
- Anopheles artemievi - P. vivax
- Anopheles atroparvus - P. fieldi, P. vivax
- Anopheles aztecus - P. vivax
- Anopheles baimaii - P. vivax
- Anopheles balabacensis - P. fieldi, P. vivax
- Anopheles beklemishevi - P. vivax
- Anopheles bellator - P. vivax
- Anopheles benarrochi - P. vivax
- Anopheles bifurcatus - P. vivax
- Anopheles braziliensis - P. vivax
- Anopheles claviger - P. vivax
- Anopheles coustani - P. falciparum
- Anopheles cruzii - P. vivax
- Anopheles culicifacies - P. vivax
- Anopheles darlingi - P. falciparum, P. vivax
- Anopheles deaneorum - P. falciparum, P. vivax
- Anopheles dirus - P. cynomolgi, P. fieldi, P. falciparum, P. inui, P. vivax
- Anopheles donaldi - P. fieldi
- Anopheles dunhami - P. vivax
- Anopheles epiroticus - P. vivax
- Anopheles farauti - P. coatneyi, P. vivax
- Anopheles flavirostris - P. vivax
- Anopheles freeborni - P. fieldi, P. vivax
- Anopheles funestus - P. falciparum
- Anopheles fluviatilis - P. vivax
- Anopheles gambiae - P. falciparum, P. vivax
- Anopheles hackeri - P. fieldi, P. knowlesi
- Anopheles homunculus - P. vivax
- Anopheles hyrcanus - P. vivax
- Anopheles introlatus - P. cynomolgi, P. eylesi
- Anopheles kleini - P. vivax
- Anopheles kochi - P. eylesi, P. fieldi
- Anopheles latens - P. knowlesi
- Anopheles lesteri - P. eylesi
- Anopheles letifer - P. eylesi, P. fieldi
- Anopheles leucosphyrus - P. eylesi, P. vivax
- Anopheles maculatus - P. eylesi, P. fieldi, P. inui, P. vivax, P. youngei
- Anopheles marajoara - P. vivax
- Anopheles maculipennis - P. vivax
- Anopheles martinius - P. vivax
- Anopheles mediopunctatus - P. falciparum, P. vivax
- Anopheles melas - P. falciparum
- Anopheles merus - P. falciparum
- Anopheles messeae - P. vivax
- Anopheles minimus - P. vivax
- Anopheles moucheti - P. falciparum
- Anopheles nili - P. falciparum
- Anopheles nuneztovari - P. vivax
- Anopheles oswaldoi - P. falciparum, P. vivax
- Anopheles paludis - P. falciparum
- Anopheles peditaeniatus - P. fieldi
- Anopheles philippinensis - P. fieldi
- Anopheles pseudopunctipennis - P. vivax
- Anopheles pulcherrimus - P. vivax
- Anopheles pullus - P. vivax
- Anopheles punctimacula - P. vivax
- Anopheles punctipennis - P. vivax
- Anopheles quadrimaculatus - P. fieldi, P. vivax
- Anopheles rangeli - P. vivax
- Anopheles macarthuri - P. eylesi
- Anopheles roperi - P. eylesi
- Anopheles sacharovi - P. vivax
- Anopheles sergentii - P. vivax
- Anopheles sinensis Anopheles sinensis - P. eylesi, P. fieldi, P. vivax
- Anopheles stephensi - P. cynomogli, P. fieldi, P. inui, P. vivax
- Anopheles sundaicus - P. eylesi, P. vivax, P. youngei
- Anopheles superpictus - P. vivax
- Anopheles tessellatus - P. falciparum, P. vivax
- Anopheles triannulatus - P. falciparum, P. vivax
- Anopheles trinkae - P. vivax
- Anopheles umbrosus - P. eylesi
- Anopheles vagus - P. eylesi, P. fieldi