List of Pinus species
Pinus, the pines, is a genus of approximately 111 extant tree and shrub species. The genus is currently split into two subgenera: subgenus Pinus, and subgenus Strobus. Each of the subgenera have been further divided into sections based on chloroplast DNA sequencing and whole plastid genomic analysis. Older classifications split the genus into three subgenera - subgenus Pinus, subgenus Strobus, and subgenus Ducampopinus - based on cone, seed and leaf characteristics. DNA phylogeny has shown that species formerly in subgenus Ducampopinus are members of subgenus Strobus, so Ducampopinus is no longer used.
The species of subgenus Ducampopinus were regarded as intermediate between the other two subgenera. In the modern classification, they are placed into subgenus Strobus, yet they did not fit entirely well in either so they were classified in a third subgenus. In 1888 the Californian botanist John Gill Lemmon placed them in subgenus Pinus. In general, this classification emphasized cone, cone scale, seed, and leaf fascicle and sheath morphology, and species in each subsection were usually recognizable by their general appearance. Pines with one fibrovascular bundle per leaf, were known as haploxylon pines, while pines with two fibrovascular bundles per leaf, were called diploxylon pines. Diploxylon pines tend to have harder timber and a larger amount of resin than the haploxylon pines. The current division into two subgenera is supported with rigorous genetic evidence.
Several features are used to distinguish the subgenera, sections, and subsections of pines: the number of leaves per fascicle, whether the fascicle sheaths are deciduous or persistent, the number of fibrovascular bundles per needle, the position of the resin ducts in the needles, the presence or shape of the seed wings, and the position of the umbo and presence of a prickle on the scales of the seed cones.
Subgenus ''Pinus''
Subgenus Pinus includes the yellow and hard pines. Pines in this subgenus have one to five needles per fascicle and two fibrovascular bundles per needle, and the fascicle sheaths are persistent, except in P. leiophylla and P. lumholtzii. Cone scales are thicker and more rigid than those of subgenus Strobus, and cones either open soon after they mature or are serotinous.Section ''Pinus''
Section Pinus has two or three needles per fascicle. Cones of all species have thick scales, and all except those of P. pinea open at maturity. Species in this section are native to Europe, Asia, and the Mediterranean, except for P. resinosa in northeastern North America and P. tropicalis in western Cuba.Subsection ''Pinus''
- P. densata – Sikang pine
- P. densiflora – Korean red pine
- P. fragilissima
- P. henryi – Henry's pine
- P. hwangshanensis – Huangshan pine
- P. kesiya – Khasi pine
- P. latteri? – Tenasserim pine
- P. luchuensis – Luchu pine
- P. massoniana – Masson's pine
- P. merkusii – Sumatran pine
- P. mugo – mountain pine
- P. nigra – European black pine
- P. resinosa – red pine
- P. sylvestris – Scots pine
- P. tabuliformis – Chinese red pine
- P. taiwanensis – Taiwan red pine
- P. thunbergii – Japanese black pine
- P. tropicalis – tropical pine
- P. uncinata
- P. yunnanensis – Yunnan pine
Subsection ''Pinaster''
- P. brutia – Turkish pine
- P. canariensis – Canary Island pine
- P. halepensis – Aleppo pine
- P. heldreichii – Bosnian pine
- P. pinaster – maritime pine
- P. pinea – stone pine
- P. roxburghii – chir pine
Section ''Trifoliae''
Subsection ''Australes''
Subsection Australes is native to North and Central America and islands in the Caribbean.The closed-cone species of California and Baja California, P. attenuata, P. muricata, and P. radiata, are sometimes placed in a separate subsection, Attenuatae.
- P. attenuata – knobcone pine
- P. caribaea – Caribbean pine
- P. cubensis – Cuban pine
- P. echinata – shortleaf pine
- P. elliottii – slash pine
- †P. foisyi – extinct
- P. glabra – spruce pine
- P. greggii – Gregg's pine
- P. herrerae – Herrera's pine
- P. jaliscana – Jalisco pine
- P. lawsonii – Lawson's pine
- P. leiophylla – Chihuahua pine
- P. lumholtzii – Lumholtz's pine
- †P. matthewsii – Pliocene, Yukon Territory, Canada
- P. muricata – bishop pine
- P. occidentalis – Hispaniolan pine
- P. oocarpa – egg-cone pine
- P. palustris – longleaf pine
- P. patula – patula pine
- P. praetermissa – McVaugh's pine
- P. pringlei – Pringle's pine
- P. pungens – Table Mountain pine
- P. radiata – Monterey pine
- P. rigida – pitch pine
- P. serotina – pond pine
- P. taeda – loblolly pine
- P. tecunumanii – Tecun Uman pine
- P. teocote – ocote pine
Subsection ''Contortae''
- P. banksiana – jack pine
- P. clausa – sand pine
- P. contorta – lodgepole pine
- P. virginiana – Virginia pine
Subsection ''Ponderosae''
- P. arizonica? – Arizona pine
- P. cooperi – Cooper's pine
- P. coulteri – Coulter pine
- P. devoniana – Michoacan pine
- P. douglasiana
- P. durangensis – Durango pine
- P. engelmannii – Apache pine
- P. hartwegii – Hartweg's pine
- P. jeffreyi – Jeffrey pine
- †P. johndayensis – Oligocene
- P. maximinoi – thinleaf pine
- P. montezumae – Montezuma pine
- P. ponderosa – ponderosa pine
- P. pseudostrobus – smooth-bark Mexican pine
- P. sabiniana – gray pine
- P. torreyana – Torrey pine
- P. washoensis
Subgenus ''Strobus''
Section ''Parrya''
Section Parrya has one to five needles per fascicle. The seeds either have articulate wings or no wings at all. In all species except for P. nelsonii, the fascicle sheaths curl back to form a rosette before falling away. The cones have thick scales and release the seeds at maturity. This section is native to the southwestern United States and Mexico.Subsection ''Balfourianae''
Subsection Balfourianae is native to southwest United States.- P. aristata – Rocky Mountains bristlecone pine
- P. balfouriana – foxtail pine
- P. longaeva'' – Great Basin bristlecone pine
Subsection ''Cembroides''
- P. cembroides – Mexican pinyon
- P. culminicola – Potosi pinyon
- P. discolor – border pinyon
- P. edulis – Colorado pinyon
- P. johannis – Johann's pinyon
- P. maximartinezii – big-cone pinyon
- P. monophylla – single-leaf pinyon
- P. orizabensis – Orizaba pinyon
- P. pinceana – weeping pinyon
- P. quadrifolia – Parry pinyon
- P. remota – Texas pinyon or papershell pinyon
- P. rzedowskii'' – Rzedowski's pinyon
Subsection ''Nelsonianae''
- P. nelsonii – Nelson's pinyon
Section ''Quinquefoliae''
Subsection ''Gerardianae''
Subsection Gerardianae is native to East Asia. It has three or five needles per fascicle.- P. bungeana – lacebark pine
- P. gerardiana – chilgoza pine
- P. squamata – Qiaojia pine
Subsection ''Krempfianae''
- P. krempfii – Krempf's Pine
Subsection ''Strobus''
- P. albicaulis – whitebark pine
- P. amamiana – Yakushima white pine
- P. armandii – Chinese white pine
- P. ayacahuite – Mexican white pine
- P. bhutanica – Bhutan white pine
- P. cembra – Swiss pine
- P. chiapensis – Chiapas pine
- P. dabeshanensis – Dabieshan pine
- P. dalatensis – Vietnamese white pine
- P. fenzeliana – Hainan white pine
- P. flexilis – limber pine
- P. koraiensis – Korean pine
- P. lambertiana – sugar pine
- P. monticola – western white pine
- P. morrisonicola – Taiwan white pine
- P. parviflora – Japanese white pine
- * P. hakkodensis – Hakkoda pine
- P. peuce – Macedonian pine
- P. pumila – Siberian dwarf pine
- P. sibirica – Siberian pine
- P. strobus – eastern white pine
- P. strobiformis – Southwestern white pine
- P. wallichiana – blue pine
- P. wangii – Guangdong white pine
''Incertae sedis''
- †P. peregrinus – Pinus peregrinus – Middle Eocene, Golden Valley Formation, North Dakota, USA