List of African-American mathematicians


The bestselling book and film, Hidden Figures, celebrated the role of African-American women mathematicians in the space race, and the barriers they had to overcome to study and pursue a career in mathematics and related fields. Although much of African Americans' other achievements in careers in mathematical science, in research, education, and applied fields have also been "hidden", the community of mathematicians has been growing. African Americans represented around 4-6% of the graduates majoring in mathematics and statistics in the US between 2000 and 2015. This list catalogs Wikipedia articles on African Americans in mathematics, as well as early recipients of doctoral degrees in mathematics and mathematics education and other landmarks, and books and studies about African-American mathematicians.

Historical landmarks

1792: Benjamin Banneker calculated planetary movements and predicted eclipses in his Almanac.
1867: Howard University established its Department of Mathematics.
1895: Joseph Carter Corbin, president of Branch Normal College, published his first problem in American Mathematical Monthly.
1916: Dudley Weldon Woodard became a charter member of the Mathematical Association of America.
1925: Elbert Frank Cox is the first African-American awarded a doctoral degree in mathematics, from Cornell University.
1929: Dudley Weldon Woodard is the first African-American mathematician known to publish in a mathematics journal, with an article "On two-dimensional analysis situs with special reference to the Jordan curve-theorem" in Fundamenta Mathematicae.
1943: Euphemia Lofton Haynes is the first African-American woman to gain a doctoral degree in mathematics.
1951: The MAA Board of Governors adopted a resolution to conduct their scientific and business meetings, and social gatherings "without discrimination as to race, creed, or color".
1956: Gloria Ford Gilmer is believed to be the first African-American woman to publish mathematical research, co-authoring an article in Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society and another in Pacific Journal of Mathematics.
1969: 17 African-American mathematicians met in New Orleans, forming the National Association of Mathematicians to "promote excellence in the mathematical sciences and to promote the mathematical development of under-represented American minorities".
1973: Mathematician David Blackwell becomes the first African-American in any field to be elected to membership of the National Academy of Sciences.
1980: The Claytor Lecture - now Claytor-Woodard Lecture - is established at MAA.
1982: Civil rights leader, Bob Moses, used his MacArthur Fellowship to start the Algebra Project, a national mathematics literacy program for high schools.
1988: The MAA established a task force that led to the formation in 1990 of , a program for the Strengthening of Underrepresented Minority Mathematics Achievement.
Screening at NMAAHC in 2016
1992: Mathematician Freeman Hrabowski becomes President of the University of Maryland.
1994: The is established for MAA meetings, jointly by MAA and NAM, as well as the NAM and .
1995: The first CAARMS - Conference for African American Researchers in Mathematical Sciences - was held, to highlight the work of researchers and students and encourage the careers of under-represented groups in mathematics. Proceedings are published by the American Mathematical Society in its Contemporary Mathematics series.
1995: Gregory Battle becomes first African American awarded doctorate degree in theoretical algebra from Washington University in St. Louis.
1997: Kathleen Adebola Okikiolu was the first African American awarded a Sloan Research Fellowship and Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers.
Scott W. Williams produced the website, , a collection of African-American mathematicians, newsletter, and resources on Africans in mathematics. By early 2007 it had close to 5 million visitors. The website has been cataloged by the Library of Congress.
1999: The mathematics departments of the 25 highest-ranked universities in the US had more than 900 faculty members, of whom 4 were African-American.
2003: Clarence F. Stephens is the first African-American to be honored with the Mathematical Association of America's most prestigious award, for Distinguished Service to Mathematics.
2004: The Association for Women in Mathematics and MAA formally established the .
2015: Katherine Coleman Johnson received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
2016: Hidden Figures, by Margot Lee Shetterley, is published, going on to win multiple awards and reach number 1 on the New York Times bestseller list. It tells the story of African-American women mathematicians at NASA during the space race.
2017: The film adaptation, Hidden Figures, is nominated for best movie at the Academy Awards, and Katherine Johnson makes an appearance at the ceremony.

Doctoral degrees in mathematics

The lists of doctoral degrees, including the Doctor of Philosophy in mathematics and Doctor of Education, draw from these sources: Turner, Greene, Williams, Zeitz, Shakil, and the Mathematical Association of America.

First men and women

These are the first 12 known PhDs by African-American men and women in mathematics, in alphabetical order for years with multiple doctorate holders, with women first.
YearGenderPhotoNameAwarded ByronDissertation title
1925Elbert Frank CoxCornell UniversityThe polynomial solutions of the difference equation af + bf = φ
1928Dudley Weldon WoodardUniversity of PennsylvaniaOn two-dimensional analysis situs with special reference to the Jordan Curve Theorem
1933William Schieffelin ClaytorUniversity of PennsylvaniaTopological immersion of peanian continua in a spherical surface
1934Walter Richard TalbotUniversity of PittsburghFundamental regions in S6 for the simple quaternary G60, type I
1938Reuben Roosevelt McDanielCornell UniversityApproximation to algebraic numbers by means of periodic sequences of transformations on quadratic forms
1938Joseph Alphonso PierceUniversity of MichiganA study of universe n finite populations with application to moment-function adjustments for grouped data
1941David Harold BlackwellUniversity of IllinoisSome properties of Markoff chains
1942Robert ColemanColumbia UniversityThe development of informal geometry
1942Jesse Ernest WilkinsUniversity of ChicagoMultiple integral problems in parametric form in the calculus of variations
1943M. Euphemia Lofton HaynesCatholic University of AmericaDetermination of sets of independent conditions characterizing certain special cases of symmetric correspondences
1944Joseph James DennisNorthwestern UniversitySome points in the theory of positive definite J-fractions
1944Wade EllisUniversity of MichiganOn relations satisfied by linear operators on a three dimensional linear vector space
1944Clarence F. StephensUniversity of MichiganNonlinear difference equations analytic in a parameter
1949Evelyn Boyd GranvilleYale UniversityOn laguerre series in the complex domain
1950Marjorie Lee BrowneUniversity of MichiganStudies of oneparameter subgroups of certain topological and matrix groups
1961Georgia Caldwell SmithUniversity of PittsburghSome results on the anticenter of a group
1962Gloria Conyers HewittUniversity of WashingtonDirect and inverse limits of abstract algebras
1964Mary Rodriguez Embry-WardropUniversity of North CarolinaSubspaces associated with contractions in Hilbert space
1965Thyrsa Frazier SvagerOhio State UniversityOn the product of absolutely continuous transformations of measure spaces
1966Vivienne Malone-MayesUniversity of Texas at AustinA structure problem in asymptotic analysis
1966Shirley Mathis McBayUniversity of GeorgiaThe homology theory of metabelian lie algebras
1966Eleanor Green Dawley JonesSyracuse UniversityAbelian groups and their endomorphism rings and the quasi-endomorphism of torsion free abelian groups
1967Geraldine Claudette DardenSyracuse UniversityOn direct sums of cyclic groups
1967Annie Marie Watkins GarrawayUniversity of California, BerkeleyStructure of some cocycles in analysis''

Doctoral degrees 1925 to 1975

This list includes PhDs awarded to African-Americans and to African immigrants by academic institutions in the United States.
Indicates first known African-American man or woman awarded a PhD at an academic institution

Doctoral degrees in mathematics education to 1975

This list includes doctorates specifically in mathematics education and doctorates in education by mathematicians/mathematics educators.
FirstIndicates first known African-American man or woman awarded a doctorate in education at an academic institution

Books about African-American mathematicians

This list includes books and dissertations published about individual African-Americans in mathematics, and studies, biographical anthologies or histories dedicated to African-Americans in mathematics.

Individuals

This list includes Wikipedia articles for people from the African diaspora who have postgraduate degrees is mathematics or statistics, have worked in mathematics, or are known for mathematical accomplishments in the United States. The list is grouped by the time the person's first degree in mathematics was awarded, or when they began their work in mathematics. Individuals are listed alphabetically within time periods. PhDs in mathematics education are included.

Before 1900