Li Tongjie


Li Tongjie was a general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. After the death of his father Li Quanlüe in 826, Li Tongjie tried to take over Henghai Circuit, which his father had been the military governor of, and he rejected a subsequent imperial edict for him to serve at a different circuit. A subsequent imperial campaign against him ensued, defeating him in 829. He surrendered, and was executed by the imperial official Bo Qi.

Background

It is not known when Li Tongjie was born. His father Li Quanlüe was originally named Wang Rijian, but in 822, soon after Wang Rijian was made the military governor of Henghai, then-reigning Emperor Muzong gave Wang Rijian the imperial surname of Li and the new personal name of Quanlüe. Li Tongjie thus must have been born with the surname of Wang as well, although it is not known whether the personal name of Tongjie was also a changed one. While Li Quanlüe served as military governor, Li Tongjie served as his deputy.

Campaign against imperial forces

In 826, during the reign of Emperor Muzong's son Emperor Jingzong, Li Quanlüe died. Li Tongjie seized control of the circuit, and he bribed the military governors of the nearby circuits, hoping that they would intercede on his behalf so that the imperial government would agree to have him succeed his father. Initially, the imperial government took no action, and after Emperor Jingzong was assassinated around the new year 827 and was succeeded by his brother Emperor Wenzong, Li Tongjie was hopeful that the new emperor would consider letting him remain in control of Henghai. He sent his secretary Cui Congzhang and his brothers Li Tongzhi and Li Tongsun to the capital Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Wenzong, claiming to be willing to follow imperial orders.
In response, however, Emperor Wenzong ordered that Wu Chongyin the military governor of nearby Tianping Circuit, himself a former military governor of Henghai, be made the military governor of Henghai. To placate Li Tongjie, Emperor Wenzong made him the military governor of Yanhai Circuit. Fearing that the military governor of the nearby circuits would encourage Li Tongjie to resist, Emperor Wenzong bestowed honorific titles on Shi Xiancheng the military governor of Weibo Circuit, Li Zaiyi the military governor of Lulong Circuit, Kang Zhimu the military governor of Pinglu Circuit, and Wang Tingcou the military governor of Chengde Circuit.
Li Tongjie refused to follow the imperial edict, claiming that the soldiers would not permit it. Emperor Wenzong ordered a general campaign against him, and ordered Wu, Wang Zhixing, Kang, Shi, and Li Zaiyi, as well as Li Ting the military governor of Yicheng Circuit and Zhang Bo the military governor of Yiwu Circuit to converge on Henghai. Shi considered aiding Li Tongjie, because one of his children was married to one of Li Quanlüe's children. However, after the chancellor Wei Chuhou warned Shi, and Shi's own son Shi Tang advised against aiding Li Tongjie, Shi Xiancheng did not do so, and sent troops against Li Tongjie, commanded by Shi Tang and the officer Qi Zhishao. Only Wang Tingcou sought to help Li Tongjie, and while his forces did not engage imperial forces, he mobilized his forces and stationed them at his borders with Weibo, to try to distract the Weibo troops. Wang Tingcou also supplied Li Tongjie with salt and food supplies. Wang Tingcou also tried to bribe the Shatuo chieftain Zhuye Zhiyi, seeking for Zhuye to ally with him to aid Li Tongjie; Zhuye refused. Meanwhile, Wu had initial success against Henghai troops, but died in winter 827; the imperial government initially named Li Huan the military governor of Baoyi Circuit to succeed Wu, but after Li Huan not only reported to the battlefield slowly but was also allowing his soldiers to pillage the countryside on the way, Emperor Wenzong instead named Fu Liangbi the military governor of Xiasui Circuit, and then the imperial guard general Li You as his replacement. The imperial generals became stalemated against Li Tongjie. Whenever they had minor victories, they exaggerated their success. To placate them, the imperial government rewarded them handsomely, and it was said that the wealth of the Yangtze River-Huai River region became drained in order to reward them.
However, the imperial troops were eventually wearing Li Tongjie down. Wang Tingcou, seeing that he was unable to save Li Tongjie by himself, persuaded Qi to turn against Shi Xiancheng and Shi Tang. Around the near year 829, Qi mutinied and headed toward Weibo's capital prefecture Wei Prefecture. Emperor Wenzong sent the official Bo Qi to Wei Prefecture to comfort Shi Xiancheng and the troops, and further diverted troops from Yicheng and Heyang Circuits to help Shi Xiancheng battle Qi Zhishao. Subsequently, Shi Tang and Li Ting joined their forces and defeated Qi Zhishao, who fled to Chengde.
In spring 829, Li You captured one of the Henghai prefectures, De Prefecture, and the De garrison fled to Chengde. Li Tongjie, seeing that he was nearing defeat, sent letters to Li You, offering to surrender. Li You agreed to accept his surrender and reported this to the imperial government; he also sent his officer Wan Hong into Henghai's capital Cang Prefecture, to take over control of the city from Li Tongjie. Emperor Wenzong sent Bo to the front to comfort the troops, but Bo, believing that Li Tongjie might be planning treachery, instead rode into Cang Prefecture with several hundred cavalry soldiers. He found an excuse and executed Wan, and then seized Li Tongjie and his family members, beginning to escort them to Chang'an. On June 1, hearing rumors that Wang Tingcou was planning to launch a raid to free Li Tongjie, Bo beheaded Li Tongjie and sent his head to Chang'an. Li Tongjie's mother Lady Sun, his wife Lady Cui, and his son Li Yuankui were all delivered to Chang'an. Emperor Wenzong pardoned them, but sent them to Hunan Circuit. Li Tongzhi and Li Tongsun, who were not born of Lady Sun, were also spared, but were exiled with their mothers. It was said that in the aftermaths of the campaign, Henghai was covered with bones, and only about 30-40% of the population remained.