Landfill gas monitoring


Landfill gas monitoring is the process by which gases that are collected or released from landfills are electronically monitored. Landfill gas may be measured as it escapes the landfill or may be measured as it is collected and redirected to a power plant or flare.

Techniques for the monitoring of landfill gas

Surface monitoring is used to check the integrity of caps on waste and check on borehole monitoring. It may give preliminary indications of the migration of gas off-site. The typical regulatory limit of methane is 500 parts per million by volume. In the UK the limit for a final landfill cap is 1*10−3 milligrams per square metre per second, and for a temporary cap it is 1*10−1 mg/m2/s. Surface monitoring can be broken down into Instantaneous and Integrated. Instantaneous monitoring consists of walking over the surface of the landfill, while carrying a flame ionization detector. Integrated consists of walking over the surface of the landfill, while pumping a sample into a bag. The sample is then read with a FID or sent to a lab for full analysis. Integrated regulatory limits tend to be 50 ppm or less.
Gas probes, also known as perimeter or migration probes, are used for subsurface monitoring and detect gas concentrations in the local environment around the probe. Sometimes multiple probes are used at different depths at a single point. Probes typically form a ring around a landfill. The distance between probes varies but rarely exceeds 300 metres. The typical regulatory limit of methane here is 50,000 parts per million by volume, or 1% methane and 1.5% carbon dioxide above geological background levels in the UK.
Ambient air samplers are used to monitor the air around a landfill for excessive amounts of methane and other gases. The principal odoriferous compounds are hydrogen sulfide and the majority of a population exposed to more than 5 parts per billion will complain.
Monitoring of the landfill gas itself can be used diagnostically. When there is concern regarding the possibility of an ongoing subsurface oxidation event, or landfill fire, the presence in the landfill gas of compounds that are more stable at the high temperatures of such an event can be evidence for such a process occurring. The presence of propene, which can be formed from propane at temperatures above several hundred degrees Celsius, supports high temperatures. The presence of elevated concentrations of dihydrogen in the landfill gas is also consistent with elevated temperatures at remote locations some distance from the gas-extraction well. The presence of H2 is consistent with thermal inactivation of -reducing microbes, which normally combine all H2 produced by fermentation of organic acids with to form methane. H2-producing microbes are less temperature-sensitive than -reducing microbes so that elevated temperatures can inactivate them and their recovery can be delayed over the H2-producers. This can result in H2 production without the corresponding consumption, resulting in elevated concentrations of H2 in the landfill gas. Thermal deactivation of CO2-reducing microbes has been used to produce CO2 from municipal solid waste.
Collection System Monitoring is used to check the characteristics of landfill gas being collected by the gas extraction system. Monitoring may be done either at the individual gas extraction well or at the power plant. In either case, users are monitoring gas composition as well as temperature, pressure and flow rate.

Types of landfill gas monitoring

For surface monitoring, a monitor may be either:
For Collection System Monitoring, users are monitoring gas composition as well as temperature, pressure and flow rate. There are three distinct ways collected gas can be measured.
Several techniques have been developed for evaluating whether landfill gas is the source of volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples. Leachate water frequently has elevated levels of tritium compared to background groundwater and a leachate release would increase tritium levels in affected groundwater samples, while landfill gas has been shown not to do so. Although landfill gas components can react with minerals and alter inorganic constituents present in groundwater samples such as alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium, a frequent major leachate constituent, chloride, can be used to evaluate whether leachate has affected the sample.
Highly soluble VOCs, such as MtBE, diethyl ether, and tetrahydrofuran, are evidence of leachate effects, since they are too water-soluble to migrate in landfill gas. The presence of highly soluble semi-volatile organic compounds, such as phenols, are also consistent with leachate effects on the sample. Elevated concentrations of dissolved have been shown to be a symptom of landfill gas effects—this is because not all of the in landfill gas reacts immediately with aquifer minerals, while such reactions are complete in leachate due to the presence of soils as daily cover in the waste. To assess whether VOCs are partitioning into groundwater in a specific location, such as a monitoring well, the headspace gas and dissolved VOC concentrations can be compared. If the Henry's Law constant multiplied by the water concentration is significantly less than the measured gas concentration, the data are consistent with VOCs partitioning from landfill gas into the groundwater.
Typical landfill gas composition%a
Methane, CH445-60
Carbon dioxide, CO240-60
Nitrogen, N22-5
Oxygen, O20.1-1.0
Sulfides, disulfides, mercaptans etc.0-1.0
Ammonia, NH30.1-1.0
hydrogen, H20-0.2
carbon monoxide, CO0-0.2
Trace constituents0.01-0.6

aExact percentage distribution will vary with the age of the landfill

Typical problems

Most landfills are highly heterogeneous environments, both physically and biologically, and the gas composition sampled can vary radically within a few metres.
Near-surface monitoring is additionally vulnerable over short time periods to weather effects. As the atmospheric pressure rises, the rate of gas escape from the landfill is reduced and may even become negative, with the possibility of oxygen incursion into the upper layers.
Differential diffusion and gas solubility further complicates this behaviour. Tunnelling effects, whereby large items create bypass shortcuts into the interior of the landfill, can extend this variability to greater depths in localised zones. Such phenomena can give the impression that bioactivity and gas composition is changing much more radically and rapidly than is actually the case, and any series of isolated time-point measurements is likely to be unreliable due to this variance.
Landfill gas often contains significant corrosives such as hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide, and these will shorten the lifespan of most monitoring equipment as they react with moisture.
Physical settlement as waste decomposes makes borehole monitoring systems vulnerable to breakage as the weight of the material shifts and fractures equipment.