In mathematics, the lakes of Wada are three disjointconnectedopen sets of the plane or open unit square with the counterintuitive property that they all have the same boundary. In other words, for any point selected on the boundary of one of the lakes, the other two lakes' boundaries also contain that point. More than two sets with the same boundary are said to have the Wada property; examples include Wada basins in dynamical systems. This property is rare in real-world systems. The lakes of Wada were introduced by, who credited the discovery to Takeo Wada. His construction is similar to the construction by of an indecomposable continuum, and in fact it is possible for the common boundary of the three sets to be an indecomposable continuum.
Construction of the lakes of Wada
The Lakes of Wada are formed by starting with a closed unit square of dry land, and then digging 3 lakes according to the following rule:
On day n = 1, 2, 3,... extend lake n mod 3 so that it is open and connected and passes within a distance 1/n of all remaining dry land. This should be done so that the remaining dry land remains homeomorphic to a closed unit square.
After an infinite number of days, the three lakes are still disjoint connected open sets, and the remaining dry land is the boundary of each of the 3 lakes. For example, the first five days might be :
Dig a blue lake of width 1/3 passing within /3 of all dry land.
Dig a red lake of width 1/32 passing within /32 of all dry land.
Dig a green lake of width 1/33 passing within /33 of all dry land.
Extend the blue lake by a channel of width 1/34 passing within /34 of all dry land.
Extend the red lake by a channel of width 1/35 passing within /35 of all dry land.
A variation of this construction can produce a countable infinite number of connected lakes with the same boundary: instead of extending the lakes in the order 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0,...., extend them in the order 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,...and so on.
Wada basins
Wada basins are certain special basins of attraction studied in the mathematics of non-linear systems. A basin having the property that every neighborhood of every point on the boundary of that basin intersects at least three basins is called a Wada basin, or said to have the Wada property. Unlike the Lakes of Wada, Wada basins are often disconnected. An example of Wada basins is given by the Newton–Raphson method applied to a cubic polynomial with distinct roots, such as see the picture. A physical system that demonstrates Wada basins is the pattern of reflections between three spheres in contact—see chaotic scattering.
In chaos theory, Wada basins arise very frequently. Usually, the Wada property can be seen in the basin of attraction of dissipative dynamical systems. But the exit basins of Hamiltonian system can also show the Wada property. In the context of the chaotic scattering of systems with multiple exit, basin of exit shows the Wada property. M. A. F. Sanjuán et al. had shown that in the Henon-Heiles system the exit basins have this Wada property.
