Kunigami language


The Kunigami or Northern Okinawan language, is a Ryukyuan language of Northern Okinawa Island in Kunigami District and city of Nago, otherwise known as the Yanbaru region, historically the territory of the kingdom of Hokuzan.
The Nakijin dialect is often considered representative of Kunigami, analogous to the Shuri-Naha dialect of Central Okinawan. The number of fluent native speakers of Kunigami is not known. As a result of Japanese language policy, the younger generation mostly speaks Japanese as their first language.

Location

In addition to the northern portion of Okinawa Island, Kunigami is spoken on the small neighboring islands of Ie, Tsuken and Kudaka.

Scope and classification

Glottolog, following Pellard, classifies Kunigami with Central Okinawan as the two Okinawan languages. Ethnologue adds Okinoerabu and Yoron; these are classified as Amami languages by Glottolog. The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, following Uemura, includes Okinoerabu and Yoron as varieties of Kunigami.

Folk terminology

The speakers of Kunigami have various words for "language", "dialect", and "style of speech". For example, linguist Nakasone Seizen stated that the dialect of his home community Yonamine, Nakijin Village had : , and . The language of one's own community was referred to as or. The Yonamine dialect was part of Nakijin's western dialect called. The northern part of Okinawa was colloquially known as Yanbaru and hence its language was sometimes called.

Phonology

Like most Ryukyuan languages north of Central Okinawan, Kunigami has series of so-called "tensed" or "glottalized" consonants. While the nasals and glides are truly glottalized, the stops are tenuis, in contrast to the aspiration of the "plain" stops. Kunigami is also notable for the presence of an phoneme separate from, which is believed to be the historical source of in most other Japonic languages; Kunigami instead has two different sources: Proto-Japonic or otherwise the zero initial in certain conditioning environments. Thus, for example, the Nakijin dialect of Kunigami has , which is cognate with Japanese ; the Kunigami form is distinguished from its Japanese cognate by the initial, tenuis, and elision of Proto-Japonic *r before *i. The Kunigami language also makes distinctions in certain word pairs, such as Nakijin dialect and , which are more similar in Japanese.

Morphology

One notable difference in the use of certain morphological markers between Kunigami language and Standard Japanese is the use of the form as an adverb in Kunigami: e.g. Nakijin dialect, which is equivalent to Standard Japanese toókú hanárete irú. In Standard Japanese, the form is used adverbially, while the form is used exclusively to derive abstract nouns of quality from adjectival stems.