The name Kra comes from the word C "human" as reconstructed by Ostapirat, which appears in various Kra languages as kra, ka, fa, or ha. Benedict used the term Kadai for the Kra and Hlai languages grouped together, and the term Kra-Dai is proposed by Ostapirat. The Kra branch was first identified as a unified group of languages by Liang, who called it the Geyang 仡央 languages. Geyang 仡央 is a portmanteau of the first syllable of Ge- in Gelao, and the last syllable of -yang in Buyang. The name Kra was proposed by Ostapirat and is the term usually used by scholars outside China, whereas Geyang is the name currently used in China.
Significance
Several Kra languages have regionally unusual consonant clusters and sesquisyllabic or disyllabic words, whereas other Kra–Dai languages tend to have only have single syllables. The disyllables in Buyang have been used by Sagart to support the view that the Kra-Dai languages are a subgroup within the Austronesian family. Unlike the Tai and Kam–Sui languages, most Kra languages, including Gelao and Buyang, have preserved the proto-Kra–Dai numerical systems. The only other Kra–Dai branch that preserves this is Hlai. Most other Kra–Dai languages adopted Chinese numerals over 1000 years ago. As noted by Jerold A. Edmondson, the Kra languages contain words in metalworking, handicrafts, and agriculture that are not attested in any other Kra–Dai language. This suggests that the Kra peoples may have developed or borrowed many technological innovations independently of the Tai and Kam-Sui peoples.
Morphological similarities suggest the Kra languages are closest to the Kam–Sui branch of the family. There are about a dozen Kra languages, depending on how languages and dialects are defined. Gelao, with about 8,000 speakers in China out of an ethnic population of approximately 500,000, and consists of at least four mutually unintelligiblelanguage varieties, including White Gelao, Blue Gelao, Red Gelao, and Chinese Gelao.
Ostapirat (2000)
The internal classification below is from Weera Ostapirat, who splits the Kra branch into the Eastern and Western branches. According to Jerold Edmondson, Laha is too conservative to be in Western Kra, considered t to constitute a branch of its own. However, Edmondson later reversed his position, considering Laha to be more closely related to Paha. Ethnologue mistakenly includes the Hlai languageCun of Hainan in Kra; this is not supported by either Ostapirat or Edmondson.
Hsiu (2014)
Hsiu's classification of the Kra languages, based on computational phylogenetic analysis as well as Edmondson's earlier analysis of Kra, is as follows. ;Kra
The Kra languages have a total of about 22,000 speakers. In Vietnam, officially recognized Kra peoples are the Cờ Lao, La Chí, La Ha and Pu Péo. In China, only the Gelao have official status. The other Kra peoples are variously classified as Zhuang, Buyi, Yi, and Han. Within China, "hotspots" for Kra languages include most of western Guizhou, the prefecture-level city ofBaise in western Guangxi, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in southeastern Yunnan, as well as Hà Giang Province in northern Vietnam. This distribution runs along a northeast-southwest geographic vector, forming what Jerold A. Edmondson calls a "language corridor." Multilingualism is common among Kra language speakers. For example, many Buyang can also speak Zhuang languages.
