Kosmos-3M
The Kosmos-3M is a Russian space launch vehicle, member of the Kosmos. It is a liquid-fueled two-stage rocket, first launched in 1967 and with over 420 successful launches to its name. The Kosmos-3M uses UDMH fuel and AK27I oxidizer to lift roughly of payload into orbit. It differed from the earlier Kosmos-3 in its finer control of the second-stage burn, allowing operators to tune the thrust and even channel it through nozzles that helped orient the rocket for the launching of multiple satellites at one time. PO Polyot has manufactured these launch vehicles in the Russian town of Omsk for decades. It was originally scheduled to be retired from service in 2011; however, in April 2010 the Commander of the Russian Space Forces confirmed that it would be retired by the end of 2010. One further launch, with Kanopus-ST, was planned; however, this was cancelled in late 2012 as the rocket had exceeded its design life while in storage ahead of the launch.
Launches
First launched in 1967, with over 424 successful launches to date.| Date | Site | Payload | References |
| Kapustin Yar | Aryabhata | ||
| Kapustin Yar | Bhaskara I | ||
| Kapustin Yar | Bhaskara II | ||
| Plesetsk | Nadezhda, Tsinghua-1, SNAP-1 | ||
| Plesetsk | ALSAT-1, Mozhayets | ||
| Plesetsk | NigeriaSAT-1, BILSAT-1, UK-DMC, Mozhayets-4, KAISTSat-4, Larets, Rubin-4 | ||
| Plesetsk | SAR-Lupe-2 | ||
| Plesetsk | Kosmos-2429 | ||
| Plesetsk | SAR-Lupe 4 | ||
| Kapustin Yar | Orbcomm | ||
| Plesetsk | SAR-Lupe 5 | ||
| 21 July 2009 | Plesetsk Site 132/1 | Kosmos 2454 Sterkh-1 |
Accidents
A total of 446 Kosmos 3Ms were launched from 1967-2010, with 22 failures. Some of the more noteworthy ones:On 22 December 1970, a launch of a target vehicle for ASAT tests lost thrust at liftoff and fell back onto the pad at Plesetsk, exploding and badly damaging it.
On 26 June 1973, a Kosmos 3M exploded on the pad at Plesetsk during a propellant loading accident, killing nine people.
An attempted launch of an Intercosmos scientific satellite on 3 June 1975 failed 84 seconds into the launch when the first stage engine shut down.
An attempted launch of a military radar calibration satellite on 25 January 1983 suffered another first stage failure about 40 seconds into launch when the RD-219 started losing thrust. The onboard computer automatically shut the engine off and the rocket fell into the Northern Dvina. Due to the tense relations between the US and Soviet Union at this time, the US military was widely suspected of having shot down the launch vehicle and General Secretary Yuri Andropov personally informed of this possibility. However, a group of locals ice fishing in the Dvina had witnessed the booster plunge into the river and reported what they'd seen to authorities. After this and a quick examination of telemetry, sabotage was ruled out. The failure was traced to high-frequency combustion instability which had been a problem with the RD-219 engine and was also responsible for the 1970 and 1975 Kosmos 3M failures. The engine was redesigned and no further launches were lost due to first stage engine failures.
More recently, on 21 November 2000, a Kosmos 3M launcher failed to place the QuickBird 1 satellite into orbit due to a failure of its second stage. The rocket and satellite reentered the atmosphere over Uruguay, and an inquest into the accident was inconclusive.