Komidashi


Komi in the game of Go are points added to the score of the player with the white stones as compensation for playing second. Black's first move advantage is generally considered to equal somewhere between 5 and 7 points by the end of the game. Standard komi is 6.5 points under the Japanese and Korean rules; under Chinese, Ing and AGA rules standard komi is 7.5 points. Komi typically applies only to games where both players are evenly ranked. In the case of a one-rank difference, the stronger player will typically play with the white stones and players often agree on a simple 0.5 point komi to break a tie in favour of white.
Komidashi is the more complete Japanese language term. The Chinese term is 贴目 and the Korean term is Deom.

Whole number and halves

Conventional komi in most competitions is a half-integer such as 6.5 points. This is convenient and the prevailing usage for knock-out tournaments, since it rules out a tied game and rematches. In a club or friendly game this is not a problem, so a value such as 6 points is just as practical. Within a Swiss system draw, tied games are not inconvenient and tiebreakers are used.
Some argue there is nothing wrong in having a tie. Forbidding a draw may misrepresent one player as superior when there is no clear difference in skill. There is however a hidden parity question which means that a draw may be unlikely. Lately, the Ing Cup has been using an 8-point komi rule in their tournament, but with the rule that if the scores are equal after komi then Black wins, so this is equivalent to 7.5 points.

History

White is at a disadvantage because Black gets to move first, giving that player sente. Records show that the winning percentage of Black is higher. The importance of playing first was, however, not dealt with by the rules until the 1930s, and then only tentatively.
The compensation system was introduced into professional Go in Japan as a gradual process of innovation, beginning in the 1930s. The correct value of komi has been re-evaluated over the years, as professional opening strategy has evolved.
At first, komi started as low as 2.5 points or 3 points. It was later increased to 4.5, and then 5.5 points. A komi of 5.5 points was used for a long time, but research found that 5.5 points was insufficient to compensate for White's disadvantage. Statistical analyses of the year's games would sometimes appear in the Igo Nenkan, backing up the intuition of many top players. The use of databases confirmed figures such as 53% victories for Black, not just at the highest level.
Komi was then raised to 6.5. Some events use as high as 7.5 points. Under the Chinese method of counting, the difference between 5.5 and 6.5 points is of minimal effect. Chinese sources usually in fact quote figures that are halved, such as 2.75 for 5.5, at least for Chinese domestic competitions, as one stone is equivalent to two points.
Handicap games are almost universally played with a komi of 0.5 points. The advantage of playing one or more black stones before the white player's first move constitutes the remainder of the handicap, with the 0.5 komi determining white as winner in games that would otherwise be a draw.
John Fairbairn, a Go historian, has written on the History of Komi.

Effects on strategy

Since very minor mistakes can cost one point, discussion of the 'true' value for komi makes little sense, except at the level of the top-ranked players in the world. These are also the opening-theory experts, and evaluate opening strategies in practical play against their peers.
The introduction and then increase of komi has led to ever more ambitious or aggressive strategies for Black, the first player. In the days before komi, White as second player had to disrupt the smooth working of Black's classical strategies, described sometimes as aiming for a sure win by 3 points. From the introduction of komi in most pro events, around 1950, Black's older methods had to be reconsidered, since White suddenly needed appreciably less in secure area. The 3-3 point became an interesting play for White, where previously it appeared experimental, and was developed in particular by Go Seigen and Sakata Eio.
In the following decades a mixture of classical and shinfuseki techniques became normal. The most obvious effect was the replacement of the 4-3 point by the 4-4 point as the most common way to first occupy a corner.

Perfect Komi

In theory a perfect value of Komi would make each game result in Jigo given perfect play by both sides. Since in practice no human or computer can play perfect Go, this value is not known with certainty. However under area scoring rules and in the absence of Seki the perfect Komi can be shown to be an odd integer and statistics from professional and computer play suggest that 7 is the correct value.

Local variations

Although 6.5 points is a common komi as of 2007; each country, association, and tournament may set its own specific komi:

Fixed compensation point system

By far the most common type of komi is a fixed compensation point system. A fixed number of points, determined by the Go organization or the tournament director, is given to the second player in an even game to make up for first-player advantage.

Auction komi

As no one can be absolutely sure of the ideal value for komi, systems without fixed komi are used in some amateur matches and tournaments. This is called auction komi.
Examples of auction komi systems:
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