Poulin first played major junior hockey in 2006 for the Victoriaville Tigres of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, posting a 3.34 Goals against average and a.896 save percentage in 24 games. In 2008, Poulin was drafted by the New York Islanders in the fifth round, 126th overall, in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. He continued to play in Victoriaville until his final year of major junior in 2010, posting 2.63 GAA and.916 save percentage, his best career QMJHL numbers. Poulin began the 2010–11 season playing with the Islanders' American Hockey League affiliate, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers, but on January 4, 2011, was recalled to the NHL due to an injury to Rick DiPietro. Poulin made his NHL debut on January 6, 2011, in relief against the Edmonton Oilers. His first NHL start was two days later on January 8 against the Colorado Avalanche. On February 8, he injured his knee during warmups and later had season ending surgery. On February 23, 2013, Poulin was recalled to replace DiPietro, who was placed on waivers a day before and then cleared waivers prior to being sent to the Sound Tigers. As the backup for Evgeni Nabokov during the 2012–13 season, Poulin had one win, three losses and a 3.02 GAA and.893 save percentage in four starts for the Islanders, as well as relieving Nabokov once. Entering the Stanley Cup playoffsfor the first time since 2007 as the eighth seed in the Eastern Conference against the top-seeded Pittsburgh Penguins, Poulin replaced Nabokov in Game 1. and Game 5, The Islanders were eliminated in six games. Poulin finished the playoffs with a 1.15 GAA and.933 save percentage. On September 27, 2015, the Islanders placed Poulin on waivers for assignment to the AHL, where he was claimed by the Tampa Bay Lightning. On November 12, 2015, after playing no games for the Lightning, Poulin was traded to the Calgary Flames in exchange for future considerations. On October 27, 2016, Poulin was signed by Barys Astana of the Kontinental Hockey League. He made 14 appearances for the club throughout the 2016–17 season. In October 2017, he was acquired by KHL Medveščak Zagreb, a Croatian team competing in the Austrian Hockey League. In late December 2017, he helped Team Canada win the prestigious Spengler Cup in Davos, coming up with an impressive performance in the championship game. On January 14, 2018, Poulin left Medveščak Zagreb to join EHC Kloten of the Swiss National League for the remainder of the 2017–18 season. During the 2018–19 season Poulin posted a 22–20–0 record, with a 2.80 GAA and 0.915 save percentage for Eisbären Berlin. Having returned to North America prior to the 2019–20 season, on December 26, 2019, the Grand Rapids Griffins signed Poulin to a professional tryout. He made 3 appearances with the Griffins before he was released from his try-out. On February 7, 2020, he was signed to his second PTO, joining the Ontario Reign, affiliate to the Los Angeles Kings. He was later signed to a one-year NHL contract with the Kings for the remainder of the season to serve as the Reign's backup on February 22, 2020. He appeared in 4 games with the Reign before the remainder of the 2019–20 season was cancellled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a free agent from the Kings, Poulin opted to return to Europe by agreeing to an optional two-year contract with Swedish second tier club, IF Björklöven of the Allsvenskan, on July 7, 2020.
